Cedric F.

Vanguardia
Sources of Human Rights
 1987 Philippine Constitution
 Laws and Statutes enacted by Congress
 Judicial Decisions
 Universal Declarations of Human Rights (UDHR)
 International Covenants and Treaties
Human rights are the basic rights which inhere in man
by virtue of his humanity.

Human rights include civil rights, such as the right to

life, liberty, and property; freedom of speech, of the
press, of religion, academic freedom, and the rights of
the accused to due process of law; political rights,
such as the right to elect public officials, to be elected
to public office, and to form political associations and
engage in politics; and social rights, such as the right
to an education, employment, and social services.
 Bill of Rights (Article III of the Constitution)
 Set of prescriptions setting forth the fundamental
civil and political rights of the individuals and
imposing limitations on the powers of government
as a means of securing the enjoyment of those rights
(People v. Marti, January 18, 1991)

 Bill of rights cannot be invoked against private

individual. It can only be invoked against the
Government’s interference.

 However, where the husband invoked his right to

his privacy of communication against his wife, who
had forcibly taken from his cabinet documents and
correspondence, and presented it against him. SC
held these papers as inadmissible in evidence.
Article III Articulo III

Section 1. SEKSYON 1.

No person shall be Hindi dapat alisan ng

deprived of life, buhay, kalayaan, or ari-
liberty, or property arian ang sino mang tao
without due process of nang hindi kaparaanan
law, nor shall any ng batas, ni pagkaitan
person be denied the ang sino mang tao ng
equal protection of the pantay na pangangalaga
laws. ng batas.
Section 2.
The right of the people to be
secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects
against unreasonable searches
and seizures of whatever
nature and for any purpose
shall be inviolable, and no
search warrant or warrant of
arrest shall issue except upon
probable cause to be
determined personally by the
judge after examination under
oath or affirmation of the
complainant and the
witnesses he may produce,
and particularly describing
the place to be searched and
the persons or things to be
seized.
SEKSYON 2.
Ang karapatan ng mga taong-
bayan na magkaroon ng
kapanatagan sa kanilang sarili,
pamamahay, papeles, at mga
bagay-bagay laban sa hindi
makatwirang paghahalughog at
pagsamsam sa ano mang layunin
ay hindi dapat labagin, at hindi
dapat maglagda ng warrant sa
paghalughog o warrant sa
pagdakip maliban kung may
malinaw na dahilan na personal
na pagpapasyahan ng hukom
matapos masiyasat ang
mayhabla at ang mga testigong
maihaharap niya sa ilalim ng
panunumpa o patotoo, at
tiyakang tinutukoy ang lugar na
hahalughugin, at mga taong
darakpin o mga bagay na
sasamsamin.
Effectivity of:

1. Search Warrant – ten (10) days

2. Warrant of Arrest – Indefinitely until
cancelled or superseded
 Exceptions
 Visual Search is made to a moving vehicle
 Search incident to a valid arrest
 Search of passengers made in airports
 When things seized are within plain view
 Stop and Frisk
 When there is valid express waiver made voluntarily
 Customs Search
 Checkpoints
 Exceptions
 In flagrante Delicto - the person to be arrested has either
committed, is actually committing or is about to commit an
offense in the presence of the person making the arrest

 Hot Pursuit – when the offense has in fact just been

committed and the arresting officer has probable cause to
believe, based on personal knowledge of facts indicating that
the person had committed it

 Escaped of Prisoner or Detainee

SEKSYON 3. (1) Hindi Section 3. (1) The privacy
dapat labagin ang pagiging of communication and
lihim ng komunikasyon at correspondence shall be
korespondensya maliban sa
legal na utos ng hukuman, inviolable except upon
o kapag hinihingi ang lawful order of the court,
naiibang kaligtasan o or when public safety or
kaayusan ng bayan ayon sa order requires otherwise,
itinakda ng batas. as prescribed by law.

(2) Hindi dapat tanggapin (2) Any evidence

para sa ano mang layunin obtained in violation of
sa alin mang hakbangin sa this or the preceding
paglilitis ang ano mang section shall be
ebidensya na nakuha nang inadmissible for any
labag dito o sa sinusundang purpose in any
seksyon.
proceeding.
Section 4. No law shall SEKSYON 4. Hindi
be passed abridging the dapat magpatibay ng
freedom of speech, of batas na nagbabawas sa
expression, or of the kalayaan sa pananalita,
press, or the right of the pagpapahayag, o ng
people peaceably to pamamahayagan, o sa
assemble and petition karapatan ng mga
the government for taong-bayan na
redress of grievances. mapayabang
magkatipon at
magpetisyon sa
pamahalaan upang
ilahad ang kanilang
mga karaingan.
 Freedom of Speech
 Freedom of Press
 Right to Assembly and Petition the Gov’t from
Redress of Grievances
 Right to Form Associations
 Freedom of Religion
 Right to Access Information on matters of Public
Concern
Section 12. SEKSYON 12.

(1) Any person under (1) Ang sino mang tao na

investigation for the sinisiyasat dahil sa paglabag
commission of an offense ay dapat magkaroon ng
shall have the right to be karapatang mapatalastasan ng
informed of his right to kaniyang karapatang
remain silent and to have magsawalang-kibo at
competent and
magkaroon ng abogadong
independent counsel
preferably of his own may sapat na kakayahan at
choice. If the person malaya na lalong kanais-nais
cannot afford the services kung siya ang maypili. Kung
of counsel, he must be hindi niya makakayanan ang
provided with one. These paglilingkod ng abogado,
rights cannot be waived kinakailangang pagkalooban
except in writing and in siya ng isa. Hindi maiuurong
the presence of counsel. ang mga karapatang ito
maliban kung nakasulat at sa
harap ng abogado.
(2) No torture, force,
violence, threat,
intimidation, or any
other means which
vitiate the free will shall
be used against him.
Secret detention places,
solitary,
incommunicado, or
other similar forms of
detention are
prohibited.
(2) Hindi siya dapat
gamitan ng labis na
pagpapahirap, pwersa,
dahas, pananakot,
pagbabanta, o ano
mang paraaan na
pipinsala sa kanyang
malayang pagpapasya.
Ipinagbabawal ang
mga lihim kulungan,
solitaryo,
ingkomunikado, o iba
pang katulad ng anyo
ng detensyon.
 (3) Hindi dapat  (3) Any confession or
tanggaping admission obtained
ebidensya laban sa in violation of this or
kanya ang ano mang Section 17 hereof
pagtatapat o pag- shall be inadmissible
amin na nakuha in evidence against
nang labag sa him.
seksyong ito o sa
seksyong labing-pito.
Section 14. (1) No person shall be
held to answer for a criminal
offense without due process of
law.
(2) In all criminal prosecutions,
the accused shall be presumed
innocent until the contrary is
proved, and shall enjoy the right
to be heard by himself and
counsel, to be informed of the
nature and cause of the
accusation against him, to have a
speedy, impartial, and public
trial, to meet the witnesses face to
face, and to have compulsory
process to secure the attendance
of witnesses and the production
of evidence in his behalf.
However, after arraignment, trial
may proceed notwithstanding
the absence of the accused:
Provided, that he has been duly
notified and his failure to appear
is unjustifiable.
SEKSYON 14. (1) Hindi dapat
papanagutin sa pagkakasalang
kriminal ang sino mang tao nang
hindi kaparaanan ng batas.
(2) Sa lahat ng mga pag-uusig
kriminal, ang nasasakdal ay
dapat ituring na walang sala
hangga’t hindi napapatunayan
ang naiiba, at dapat magtamasa
ng karapatang magmatwid sa
pamamagitan ng sarili at ng
abogado, mapatalastasan ng uri
at dahilan ng sakdal laban sa
kanya, magkaroon ng mabilis,
walang kinikilingan, at hayagan
paglitis, makaharap ang mga
testigo, magkaroon ng sapilitang
kaparaanan upang matiyak ang
pagharap ng mga testigo sa
paglilitaw ng ebidensyang para
sa kanyang kapakanan.
 Rights of a person under detained
 To be presumed innocent
 To be furnished with counsel/assisted
 To be silent
 To be informed of the nature and cause of accusation
against him/her
 To meet witness face to face
 Speedy, unjust and fair trial
Quantum of Evidence
Criminal Case – Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt
Civil Case – Preponderance of Evidence
Administrative Case – Substantial Evidence