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Social Dimensions of

Education

Prof. Arthur S. Abulencia


– Derived from the Greek
words anthrope which
means man, and logos
which means science
– Science that studies the
origin and development of
man
 anthropological approach to education
tends to focus on the cultural aspects
of education, including informal as
well as formal education
 As education involves understandings
of who we are, it is not surprising that
the single most recognized dictum of
educational anthropology is that the
field is centrally concerned with
cultural transmission.
 Cultural transmission involves the transfer of
a sense of identity between generations,
sometimes known
as enculturation and also transfer of
identity between cultures, sometimes known
as acculturation.
 Educational anthropology has become
increasingly focused on ethnic identity and
ethnic change.
– Science of man and
society
– Study of patterns of
human behavior
– Study of groups and
societies and how
they affect the
people
 To enable us to see the
connection between our own
personal experiences and the
social forces in the bigger social
world which influence our life
 Auguste Comte – French
sociologist and the “Father of
Sociology”
 the study of how public institutions and
individual experiences affect education and
its outcomes
 it is mostly concerned with the public
schooling systems of modern industrial
societies, including the expansion of higher
education, adult education or education in
general
 Emphasizes the elements of cohesion shared
values, and social equilibrium as bases of social
order
 The different parts of each society contribute
positively to the operation or functioning of the
system as a whole.
 Functionalism attempts to explain the
relationship of different parts of the system to
each other, and to the whole. These parts are
usually work together in an orderly manner,
without great conflict. The different parts are
usually in equilibrium, or moving toward
equilibrium, with consensus rather than conflict
governing the inter-relationships of the various
parts.
 Views society as shaped by the interest of powerful
and dominant groups
 Antagonisms of opposing classes (capitalist vs.
proletariat) in order to control the distribution of
scare resources
 Conflict theorists see an arena in which groups
fight for power
 Sees civil law as a way of defining and upholding a
particular social order that benefits some at the
expense of others
 Conflict theorists focus on the shifting
balance of power among competing groups.
 Conflict theorists believe that
educational system is an instrument for
cultural reproduction
 Studies the smallest units of
social interactions
 Herbert Blumer, a student and interpreter of Mead,
coined the term "symbolic interactionism" and put
forward an influential summary of the perspective:
people act toward things based on the meaning
those things have for them; and these meanings
are derived from social interaction and modified
through interpretation.
 Society develops interdependent
with the environment
 Society evolves from simple to
complex
 Example is from agricultural society
to industrial to post-industrial
society (information/knowledge
society)
 Rewards and cost of exchange
 Social exchange theory views
the exchange relationship
between specific actors
as “actions contingent on
rewarding reactions from
others.”
– The shared products of human
learning
– The complex whole which
includes knowledge, beliefs,
arts, laws, morals, customs and
other capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a member
of society (Taylor)
– Culture (Geertz) tells us who
we are, what we think we
are doing, and to what
purpose we do what we do.
 Transferable
• Shared
 Continuous
• Adaptive
 Symbolic
• Learned
 Dynamic • Universal
• Borrowed
 Language - an abstract system of
word meanings and symbols for
all aspects of culture; the
foundation of culture; verbal and
nonverbal
 Norms - are established
standards of behavior maintained
by a society; it must be shared
and understood
–Formal Norms - rules that
are written down; punishment
is strictly implemented to
violators e.g. laws,
constitution
–Informal Norms - generally
understood but are not
precisely recorded e.g. rules
of our parents
–Mores - are norms deemed highly
necessary to the welfare of society
because they embody the cherished
principles of a people; violation of
mores can lead to severe punishment
–Folkways – norms governing our
everyday behavior whose violation
raises comparatively little concern; it
is our customary way of doing
things; habits
 Sanctions - penalties or rewards for conduct
concerning social norms e.g. (positive
sanctions) pay, promotion, medals, word of
gratitude or (negative) fines, imprisonment,
threats, stares, ostracism
 Values - are collective conceptions of what is
considered good, desirable and proper or
bad, undesirable and improper in a particular
culture; values are use to evaluate the
behavior of others
– Subculture - segment of society which shares a
distinctive patterns of mores, folkways and values
which differs from the pattern of the larger society e.g.
celebration fiesta among Filipinos varies
– counterculture – subculture that rejects societal
norms and values and seeks alternative lifestyles e.g.
gay lingo
–culture shock - when one person is immersed
in an unfamiliar culture, s/he may feel strangely
disoriented, uncertain, out of place and even fearful
e.g. when offered exotic food
–xenocentrism – belief that the
products, styles or ideas of one’s
society are inferior to those that
originate elsewhere
–ethnocentrism – tendency to
assume that one’s culture and
way of life are superior to
others
 “ mixophilia ” (attraction to
variegated, heteronymous surroundings
auguring unknown and unexplored
experiences and for that reason promising
pleasures of adventure and discovery)

 “ mixophobia” (fear of the


unmanageable volume of the unknown,
untameable, off-putting and uncontrollable)
 Primary Group – refers to small group
characterized by intimate, face to face
association and cooperation e.g. street gang,
family
 Secondary Group – refers to formal,
impersonal group in which there is little
social intimacy or mutual understanding e.g.
class, social clubs
 In-groups – any group to which
people feel they belong. Every
member is regarded as “We” or
“us” or “tayo”
 Out-group – group to which
people feel they don’t belong.
“They” or “sila”
 Reference group - any group that individuals
use as a standard for evaluating themselves
and their own behavior.
 Dyad – two-member group
 Triad – three-member group
 Coalition - temporary or permanent alliance
toward a common goal
- Refers to the position
assigned by a person in a
group or organization
 Ascribed Status – social position
“assigned” to a person without regard
for the person’s unique
characteristics or talents
 Achieved Status - social position
“attained” by a person largely through
his or her own effort
 Master Status - status that
dominates others and thereby
determines a person’s general
position in society
– Refers to the classification of group
members according to certain
criteria which may differ according
to the nature of the group
– structured ranking of people in
society that perpetuates unequal
economic rewards and power in
society
– Is influence by the economic status
of an individual
 Income/Wealth

 Power

 Prestige
- describes a condition in which
members of a society have
different amounts of wealth,
prestige and power
6 of the World’s richest are Filipinos...

The WTO policies has been propping up foreign and


local capitalist.

while, 8 out of 10 Filipinos or almost 70 million citizen


are not able to eat 3 square meals a day or doesn’t
have anything to eat at all.
 Refers to movement of
individuals or groups from
one position of a society’s
stratification to another
– movement of a
Horizontal Mobility -
person from one social position to
another of the same rank e.g.
electrician who becomes a funeral
director
– Vertical Mobility – movement of a person from one
social position to another of a different rank e.g.
electrician who becomes a lawyer or doctor
 Intergenerational Mobility - involves changes
in the social position of children relative to
their parents e.g. parents who are rich but
their children become poor
 Intragenerational Mobility – involves changes
in a person’s social position within his/her
adult life e.g a poor boy who struggle to
become a successful entrepreneur
– Refers to the patterned and
recurrent form of social
interaction (reciprocal action or
effect)
– May come in the form of
competition, conflict,
cooperation, accommodation,
assimilation or acculturation
– A process of adapting or
conforming to the common
needs and interests of a social
group
– The process of entering the
human groups, of being
included into the secrets of
society
– An enduring force in history, is
inevitable as this takes place from
time to time
– The adjustment of persons or
group to achieve relative harmony
– Is persuasive and is taking place in
culture, society and personality
–Cultural change – refers to all alteration
affecting new trait or trait complexes to
change the culture’s content and
structures
–Technological change – revision that
occur in man’s application of his
technical knowledge and skills and he
adopts himself to environment
–Social change – refers to the variation or
modifications in the patterns of social
organization, of such groups within a
society or of the entire society
- Occurswhen society
cannot adjust to changes
for quite a time
 When the old institutions of society are no
longer capable of responding to the needs
of an emerging society yet new institutions
are not totally emerged

 State of normlessness
 A.1 Innovation – any new idea, method,
device that gains widespread acceptance in
society.
– Primary innovation – creation, invention or chance
discovery of a completely new idea
– Secondary innovation – new and deliberate
application or medication of an existing new idea
 A.2 Diffusion - spread of certain ideas,
customs or practices from one culture to
another
 A.3 Cultural Loss (obsolescence) –
abandonment of an existing practice or trait.
Ex. cart and chariot gave way to camels
(camels are better means of transport)
 School as agent of socialization
 School as agent of cultural transmission
 School as agent of cultural change
 School as agent of modernization
 School as agent to construct the identity of
individual
 School as an instrument for accumulation of
cultural capital
 Sex – biological distinction between females
and males.
 Sexual orientation – an individual’s
preference in terms of sexual partners:
same sex, neither sex.
– Homosexuality
– Heterosexuality
– Bisexuality (attraction to both sexes)
– Asexuality (attraction to neither sex)
 Gender – the significance that members of a
society attach to being female or male
– Thru gender, a society guides how we think about
ourselves and how we interact with others
 Patriarchy – form of social organization in
which males dominate females
 Matriarchy – form of social organization in
which females dominate males
 Sexism – the beliefs that one sex is innately
superior to the other. E.g. most women are
highly concentrated in low-paying job
– Sexism stunts talents and limits the ambitions of
women
 Gender is at work even before the child is
born since most parents generally hope to
have a boy rather than girl
 Baby girls are ushered in “pink world” while
baby boy are in “blue world”
 In school, female child are tenderly handled
with more hugs and kisses while male child is
treated more aggressively
 Boys favor team sports with complex rules
and clear objectives which reinforce
masculine traits of aggression and control
 Girls play jump rope, simply talk, sing and
dance. Instead of teaching them
competitiveness, female peer groups promote
interpersonal skills of communication and
cooperation
 In school, more girls learn secretarial
schooling and home-based duties – nutrition
or sewing
 Classes for boys are into woodworking, auto
mechanic, gardening
 For every peso earned by men, women earned
about 75 cents.
– Because the kind of work women do: largely
secretarial and service jobs
– Because parenting as woman’s responsibility
 More and more women are earning bachelor’s
degree
 Women earned majority of postgraduate
degrees, often their springboard to high-
prestige jobs
 Although some professional field are still
predominantly male. E.g. military, law
 Until 1935, women were not given the rights
and opportunity to vote
 Today, there is an increasing number of
women who serve as mayors, reps across the
country
 We have already two women who serve as
heads of the government
-is a historical process, the result of
human innovation and technological
progress.
refers to the increasing integration of
economies around the world,
particularly through trade and financial
flows.
refers to the movement of people
(labor) and knowledge (technology)
across international borders.
 Globalization is connectivity in economic and
cultural life across the world for centuries.
 Globalization involves the diffusion of ideas,
practices and technologies.
 de-localization (many of the activities that
previously involved face-to-face interaction,
or that were local, are now conducted across
great distances)
 supraterritoriality (decline in power of
national governments; emergence of
institutions such as the World Bank, the
European Union and the European Central
Bank, involve new constraints and imperatives
);
 the speed and power of technological
innovation and the associated growth of risk
 the rise of multinational corporations
– The global corporations cut across the
international boundaries between states, thus
they are a force for worldwide integration
– These global corporations has tremendous power
to the extent that they thwart the wishes of
national governments or international
organizations
– They even influence the foreign policies of
countries
– Multinational companies are constantly in search
of cheap labor
– The power of these mega corporations has
become all greater thru control of mass media
 the extent to which the
moves towards the creation
of (global) free markets to
leads to instability
and division.
 As more money is poured in to developing
countries, there is a greater chance for the
people in those countries to economically
succeed and increase their standard of living.
 Global competition encourages creativity and
innovation and keeps prices for
commodities/services in check.
 Developing countries are able to reap the
benefits of current technology without
undergoing many of the growing pains
associated with development of these
technologies.
 Governments are able to better work
together towards common goals now that
there is an advantage in cooperation, an
improved ability to interact and coordinate,
and a global awareness of issues.
 There is a greater access to foreign culture
in the form of movies, music, food,
clothing, and more. In short, the world has
more choices.
 Outsourcing, while it provides jobs to a
population in one country, takes away those
jobs from another country, leaving many
without opportunities.
 Although different cultures from around the
world are able to interact, they begin to
meld, and the contours and individuality of
each begin to fade. (homogenization of
culture)
 There may be a greater chance of disease
spreading worldwide, as well as invasive
species that could prove devastating in
non-native ecosystems. (destruction of
biodiversity)
 There is little international
regulation, an unfortunate fact
that could have dire consequences for the
safety of people and the environment.
 Large Western-driven organizations such as
the International Monetary Fund and the World
Bank make it easy for a developing country to
obtain a loan. However, a Western-focus is
often applied to a non-Western situation,
resulting in failed progress. (imposition of
Western model of development)
 Commodification and the corporate takeover
of education.
 The threat to the autonomy of national
educational systems by globalization.
 De-localization and changing technologies
and orientations in education.
 Branding, globalization and learning to be
consumers.
 Education takes place in society.
 Education is essentially a social
process.
 Social environment educates the child.
 Education has a social role to play.
 Education is a lifelong process.
 Education is not only schooling.
 Education is formal, nonformal and informal.
 Beside schools, there are many education
institutions.
 Economic and political factors of society play a
dominant role in educational reforms.
 Education must be social in nature, and develop
democratic skills and values in students.
THANK YOU!!!!!!!

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