Learning Outcomes

After the end of the reporting we should

able to:
 Determine the components, function and
operating principle of fresh water
generator.
 Understand the Distillation process for
producing freshwater from seawater.
 Identify the temperature and pressure
relationship associated with efficient
operation of evaporator units.

 Define water quality standards before

and after desalination.

 Explain and compare the various terms

associated with freshwater maker.
What is Evaporators?

 is a device used to turn the liquid form of

a chemical into its gaseous form. The
liquid is evaporated, or vaporized, into a
gas.
EVAPORATORS
 Large ships usually carry
evaporating plants to produce fresh
water, thus reducing their reliance on
shore-based supplies. Steam ships
must be able to produce high-quality
distillate in order to maintain boiler-
water levels.
 Diesel-engine ships often utilize waste
heat as an energy source for producing
fresh water. In this system, the engine-
cooling water is passed through a heat
exchangers, where it is cooled by
concentrated seawater (brine). Because
the cooling water (which is chemically
treated fresh water) is at a temperature of
70–80 °C (158–176 °F), it would not be
possible to flash off any water vapor
unless the pressure in the heat
exchanger vessel was dropped.
BOILERS
 also called Steam Generator
 apparatus designed to convert a liquid to
vapour. In a conventional steam power
plant, a boiler consists of a furnace in
which fuel is burned, surfaces to
transmit heat from
the combustion products to the water,
and a space where steam can form and
collect.
DISTILLATION PROCESSES
 Reflux is a distillation technique
involving the condensation of vapors
and the return of this condensate to
the system from which it originated. It
is used in industrial and laboratory
distillations. It is also used in
chemistry to supply energy to
reactions over a long period of time.
Explain why “fresh water" may
have to be produced from
seawater.
 Fresh water is produced by evaporating
sea water using heat from any of the heat
source.
 The evaporated sea water is then again
cooled by the sea water and the cycle
repeats.
 Heat source available is taken from the
main engine jacket water, which is used
for cooling the main engine components
such as cylinder liners, cylinder covers,
exhaust valve which 70degC
Lists the purpose for which the
water might be used.
Water can be used to:
 BOILERS
 Cooling system
 Clean drinking water
 Use for washing
 Ballast water
 Other minor usage
Explains the effect that distillation
has on the dissolved solids in
seawater.
 Seawater distillation was also known as
Desalination or Desalting.
-is a process that takes away mineral
components from saline water. More
generally, desalination refers to the
removal of salts and minerals from a
target substance, as in soil desalination,
which is an issue for agriculture.
 States that evaporators and
distillers are pressure vessels
and as such must conform to
approved standards for materials,
fittings and construction.
 The ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel
Code (BPVC) is an American Society of
Mechanical Engineers(ASME) standard that
regulates the design and construction
of boilers and pressure vessels.
 The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers works as an Accreditation Body
and entitles independent third parties such as
verification, testing and certification agencies
to inspect and ensure compliance to the
BPVC.
The Section of the ASME BPVC
Consists of 3 parts.
 Ferrous Material Specification

 Nonferrous Material Specification

 Specification of welding Rod,

Electrodes, and Filler Materials.
Ferrous Material Specification
 This Part is a supplementary book referenced
by other sections of the Code. It provides
material specifications for ferrous materials
which are suitable for use in the construction of
pressure vessels.
 The specifications contained in this Part specify
the mechanical properties, heat treatment, heat
and product chemical composition and
analysis, test specimens, and methodologies of
testing. The designation of the specifications
start with 'SA' and a number which is taken
from the ASTM 'A' specifications.
Examples of Ferrous Materials
Nonferrous Material Specification

 This Part is a supplementary book

referenced by other sections of the
Code. It provides material specifications
for nonferrous materials which are
suitable for use in the construction of
pressure vessels.
Example of Nonferrous Materials
Specification of welding Rod,
Electrodes, and Filler Materials.
 This Specification provides the chemical
composition requirements for electrodes and
rods for welding cast iron and will benefit
welding professionals.
 Copper-base rods used for braze welding of
cast iron are not included. Major topics include
general requirements, testing, packaging, and
application guidelines.
 This Specification prescribes requirements
for the classification of: Rods for oxyfuel
gas welding, Electrodes for gas metal arc
welding, Electrodes for flux cored arc
welding, and Electrodes for shielded metal
arc welding. These filler metals are suitable
for welding gray cast iron, malleable cast
iron, nodular cast iron, compacted graphite
cast iron, and certain alloy cast irons.
 Describes in simple terms, using line
sketches, the construction of a shell and
coil evaporator, naming the materials of
the principal parts.
Lists the mountings fitted to a
simple shell and coil evaporator
 Shell and Coil evaporators have one or
more spiral shaped, bare tube coils
enclosed in a welded steel shell. They are
generally dry expansion type with
refrigerant in coils and chilled liquid in the
shell. They have thermal capacity for
application for high but infrequent loads.
They are used for chilling of drinking water
and other aspects where cleanliness is a
factor, e.g. Bakeries and Photographic
Laboratories.
 Explain why a reducing orifice is fitted in
the steam supply line of such an
evaporator
 An opening, in a vessel, through which the
liquid flows out is known as orifice.
 This hole or opening is called an orifice, so
long as the level of the liquid on the
upstream side is above the top of the
orifice.
 The typical purpose of an orifice is the
measurement of discharge.
 An orifice plate steam trap is a relatively
simple condensate removal device.
State that the heat transfer can
be obtain from:
A supply of steam or other hot fluid passing
through the coil.
 In a steam heating system, the sole
purpose of the generation and distribution
of steam is to provide heat at the process
heat transfer surface. If the required heat
input rate and steam pressure are known,
then the necessary steam consumption
rate may be determined. This will allow the
size of the boiler and the steam distribution
system to be established.
Explain why Low Pressure
evaporator are used.
 Modern cargo ships are provided with a
large low-pressure distilling plant for
producing fresh water during the
voyage, as the capacities required
would otherwise need considerable tank
space. This space is better utilized to
carry oil fuel, improving the ship’s range.
 It is now common practice to take on only a
minimal supply of potable water in port and
to make up the rest by distillation of sea
water.
 The saved storage capacity for water, is
available for cargo and increases the
earning power of the ship, A vessel which
carries sufficient potable water for normal
requirements is required, if ocean-going, to
carry distillation plant for emergency use.
Single-Effect Evaporation
 steam provides energy for vaporization
and the vapour product is condensed
and removed from the system.
Double-Effect Evaporation
 Known as a “Multi-effect Evaporation”.
 is the combination of several sets single
effect evaporator. The characteristic is to
heat the next effect evaporator by used
steam produced from the front effect, so
as to reduce energy consumption.
 In a multiple effect arrangement, the
latent heat of the vapoura product off of
an effect is used to heat the
following effect.
THANK YOU!