BMSSA MARC S1 STUD M2 Contemporary Theoretical Perspectives

CONTEMPORARY THEORETICAL
PERSPECTIVE
SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 01

ROBERT PARK
LOUIS WIRTH
ERNEST BURGESS
HOMER HOYT
HARRIS AND ULLMAN

ROBERT PARK (1864 - 1944)

HUMAN ECOLOGY
CITY IS A SOCIAL ORGANISM
CITY IS A PHYSICAL ORGANISATION SUGGESTING EVALUATIVE JUDGEMENT
HUMAN’S ADJUSTMENT TO THE ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF URBAN LIFE

WEB OF LIFE

SOCIAL DARWINISM

SYMBIOSIS
COMMUNITY

ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMMUNITY
1) POPULATION, TERRITORIALLY ORGANISED
2) MORE OR LESS COMPLETELY ROOTED IN THE SOIL IT OCCUPIES
3) IT'S INDIVIDUAL UNITS LIVING IN A RELATIONSHIP OF MUTUAL INDEPENDENCE

THAT IS SYMBOLIC RATHER THAN SOCIETAL.

HUMAN COMMUNITY (CITY) ORGANISED ON TWO LEVES
1) BIOTIC OR SYMBIOTIC (SUBSTRUCTURE)
2) CULTURAL (SUPERSTRUCTURE)
SYMBIOTIC SOCIETY IS BASED ON COMPETITION AND A CULTURAL SOCIETY BASED ON

COMMUNICATION AND CONSENSUS.

ETHNIC ACTIVITY INCOME INCOME
ENCLAVES RELATED AREAS GROUPINGS GROUPINGS

DYNAMICS AND PROCESS OF HUMAN COMMUNITY
HUMAN COMMUNITY IS A PRODUCT OF THE INTERACTION OF FOUR FACTORS TO

MAINTAIN BIOTIC AND SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM:
1) POPULATION
2) MATERIAL CULTURE
3) NON MATERIAL CULTURE
4) NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE HABITAT

HUMAN SOCIETIES ARE CHARACTERISED BY COMPETITION AND CONSENSUS:
1) MADE UP OF INTERDEPENDENT INDIVIDUALS
2) INVOLVED IN COMMON COLLECTIVE ACTIONS, CONSENSUS AND COMMON

PURPOSES.

COMPETITION: MECHANISM OF SOCIETY TO REGULATE POPULATION AND TO

PRESERVE BALANCE
DOMINATION: RESULT OF THE STRUGGLE AMONG DIFFERENT SPECIES
INVASION: INTRODUCTION OF NEW SPECIES WOULD UPSET OLD BALANCE

WHERE THERE WOULD THEN BE A STRUGGLE FOR DOMINANCE WITH A PROCESS
OF SUCCESSION
SUCCESSION: VARIOUS STAGES OR THE ORDERLY SEQUENCE OF CHANGES

THROUGH WHICH A BIOTIC COMMUNITY PASSES IN COURSE OF IT'S
DEVELOPMENT LIKE TERRITORIAL SUCCESSION OF IMMIGRANT GROUPS.

THE
SOCIETAL
PYRAMID:
A SOCIAL ORDER
CONCEIVES AS A
HIERARCHY OF LEVELS
MORAL
POLITICAL
ECONOMIC
ECOLOGICAL

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ECOLOGY AND HUMAN ECOLOGY
1) HUMANS NOT AS IMMEDIATELY DEPENDENT ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.
2) HUMANS HAVE A GREATER CAPACITY TO ALTER PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
3) HUMANS HAVE ERECTED BIOTIC COMMUNITY

LIMITATIONS OF EARLY URBAN ECOLOGY
1) FOCUS ONLY ON ECONOMIC COMPETITION FOR LAND
2) OVERSIMPLIFICATION AND OVERGENERALISATION
3) OTHER FACTORS, SUCH AS GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS, SENTIMENTS,

CULTURAL PREFERENCES, ARE NOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT.

LOUIS WIRTH (1897 - 1952)

DEVELOPED FIRST URBAN THEORY
FOCUSSED ON URBANISM - URBAN LIFESTYLE

DEFINITION OF CITY
WHICH IS LARGE,
DENSE WITH
PERMANENT
SETTLEMENT AND
SOCIALLY AND
CULTURALLY
HETEROGENEOUS
PEOPLE, AND SO
URBANISM WAS A
FUNCTION OF
POPULATION DENSITY,
SIZE AND
HETEROGENEITY

POPULATION SIZE
POPULATION DENSITY
POPULATION HETEROGENEITY

ERNEST BURGRESS (1886 - 1966)

CITIES GROW AND DEVELOPED OUTWARDLY IN CONCENTRIC CIRCLES
THE CBD
ZONE DEVELOPMENT RESULTED FROM COMPETITIVENESS PROCESS

ZONES:
1) COMMERCIAL CENTER (CBD)
2) ZONE OF TRANSITION
5 4 3 2 1
3) WORKING CLASS RESIDENCES
4) MIDDLE CLASS RESIDENCES
5) COMMUTER ZONE

HOMER HOYT’S SECTOR THEORY (1895 - 1984)

CBD
FACTORIES/ INDUSTRIES
LOW CLASS RESIDENTIAL
MIDDLE CLASS RESIDENTIAL
HIGH CLASS RESIDENTIAL

CITY DEVELOPS NOT IN CONCENTRIC CIRLES, BUT IN SECTORS
EACH SECTOR CHARACTERISED BY DIFFERENT ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
THE ENTIRE CITY CAN BE THOUGH OF AS A CIRCLE AND VARIOUS NEIGHBOURHOODS AS

SECTOR RADIATING OUT FROM THE CENTER OF THAT STRUCTURE. THESE FACTORS OR
PRINCIPLES DIRECT RESIDENTIAL EXPANSION:
1) HIGH GRADE RESIDENTIAL AREAS TEND TO ORIGINATE NEAR RETAIL AND OFFICE
CENTRES.
2) HIGH GRADE RESIDENTIAL GROWTH TENDS TO PROCEED FROM THE GIVEN POINT OF
ORIGIN, ALONG ESTABLISHED LINES OF TRAVEL OR TOWARD EXISTING RETAIL OFFICE
CENTRES.
3) HIGH RENT AREAS TEND TO GROW TOWARDS AREAS WHICH HAVE OPEN SPACE
BEYOND THE CITY AND AWAY FROM SECTIONS ENCLOSED BY NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL
BOUNDARIES

4) HIGHER PRICED RESIDENTIAL AREAS TEND TO GROW TOWARDS THE HOMES OF

LEADERS IN THE COMMUNITY
5) THE MOVEMENT OF THE OFFICE BUILDINGS, BANKS AND STORES TENDS TO PULL
HIGHER PRICED RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOODS IN THE SAME GENERAL DIRECTION
6) HIGH RENT NEIGHBOURHOODS CONTINUE TO GROW IN THE SAME DIRECTION FOR A

LONG TIME.
7) DELUXE HIGH RENT APARTMENT AREAS TEND TO GRADUALLY APPEAR IN OLDER

RESIDENTIAL AREAS NEAR THE BUSINESS CENTRE (GENTRIFICATION, DOWNTOWN
CONDOS AND HIGH RENT LOFTS)
8) REAL ESTATE DEVELOPERS MAY BEND THE DIRECTION OF HIGH GRADE RESIDENTIAL
GROWTH, BUT THEY CANNOT DEVELOP AN AREA BEFORE IT'S TIME OR IN ANOTHER
DIRECTION VERY EASILY.

CBD
FACTORIES/ INDUSTRIES
LOW CLASS RESIDENTIAL
MIDDLE CLASS RESIDENTIAL
HIGH CLASS RESIDENTIAL

HARRIS AND ULLMAN’S MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY (1945 MORE ADVANCE

1) CBD
2) WHOLESALE, LIGHT MANUFACTURING
3) LOW - CLASS RESIDENTIAL
4) MEDIUM - CLASS RESIDENTIAL
5) HIGH - CLASS RESIDENTIAL
6) HEAVY MANUFACTURING
7) OUTLYING BUSINESS DISTRICT
8) RESIDENTIAL SUBURB
9) INDUSTRIAL SUBURB

1) CITIES DO NOT HAVE A SINGLE CENTER BUT HAVE MANY “MINICENERS”.
2) SIMILAR ACTIVITIES LOCATE IN THE SAME AREA AND CREATE MINICITIES WITHIN
THE LARGER CITIES
3) DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSING OF CERTAIN TYPE AND VALUE ALONG

COMMUNICATION CORRIDORS.
4) TOPOGRAPHY: HIGHER LAND, BETTER (MORE EXPENSIVE) HOUSING.
5) EFFECT OF ADJACENT LAND ON HOUSING QUALITY
6) CERTAIN AREAS/ ACTIVITIES TEND TO LOCATE WHERE THEY ARE MOST:

EFFECTIVE, DESIRABLE AND FINANCIALLY FEASIBLE.

BMSSA MARC S1 STUD M2 Contemporary Theoretical Perspectives

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CONTEMPORARY THEORETICAL

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 01

HARRIS AND ULLMAN

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 02

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 03

CITY IS A SOCIAL ORGANISM

CITY IS A PHYSICAL ORGANISATION SUGGESTING EVALUATIVE JUDGEMENT

HUMAN’S ADJUSTMENT TO THE ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF URBAN LIFE

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 04

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 05

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 06

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 07

ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMMUNITY

1) POPULATION, TERRITORIALLY ORGANISED

2) MORE OR LESS COMPLETELY ROOTED IN THE SOIL IT OCCUPIES

3) IT'S INDIVIDUAL UNITS LIVING IN A RELATIONSHIP OF MUTUAL INDEPENDENCE

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 08

HUMAN COMMUNITY (CITY) ORGANISED ON TWO LEVES

1) BIOTIC OR SYMBIOTIC (SUBSTRUCTURE)

SYMBIOTIC SOCIETY IS BASED ON COMPETITION AND A CULTURAL SOCIETY BASED ON

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 09

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 10

DYNAMICS AND PROCESS OF HUMAN COMMUNITY

HUMAN COMMUNITY IS A PRODUCT OF THE INTERACTION OF FOUR FACTORS TO

3) NON MATERIAL CULTURE

4) NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE HABITAT

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 11

HUMAN SOCIETIES ARE CHARACTERISED BY COMPETITION AND CONSENSUS:

1) MADE UP OF INTERDEPENDENT INDIVIDUALS

2) INVOLVED IN COMMON COLLECTIVE ACTIONS, CONSENSUS AND COMMON

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 12

COMPETITION: MECHANISM OF SOCIETY TO REGULATE POPULATION AND TO

DOMINATION: RESULT OF THE STRUGGLE AMONG DIFFERENT SPECIES

INVASION: INTRODUCTION OF NEW SPECIES WOULD UPSET OLD BALANCE

SUCCESSION: VARIOUS STAGES OR THE ORDERLY SEQUENCE OF CHANGES

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 13

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 14

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ECOLOGY AND HUMAN ECOLOGY

1) HUMANS NOT AS IMMEDIATELY DEPENDENT ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.

2) HUMANS HAVE A GREATER CAPACITY TO ALTER PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

3) HUMANS HAVE ERECTED BIOTIC COMMUNITY

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 15

LIMITATIONS OF EARLY URBAN ECOLOGY

1) FOCUS ONLY ON ECONOMIC COMPETITION FOR LAND

2) OVERSIMPLIFICATION AND OVERGENERALISATION

3) OTHER FACTORS, SUCH AS GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS, SENTIMENTS,

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 16

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 17

DEVELOPED FIRST URBAN THEORY

FOCUSSED ON URBANISM - URBAN LIFESTYLE

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 18

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 19

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 20

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 21

CITIES GROW AND DEVELOPED OUTWARDLY IN CONCENTRIC CIRCLES

ZONE DEVELOPMENT RESULTED FROM COMPETITIVENESS PROCESS

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 22

1) COMMERCIAL CENTER (CBD)

4) MIDDLE CLASS RESIDENCES

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 23

SOCIAL THEORY AND URBAN DESIGN | RENJIN CHERIAN | BMS SA 24

LOW CLASS RESIDENTIAL

MIDDLE CLASS RESIDENTIAL