INTRODUCTION

Introduction
 A Database Management System provides an efficient
storage and data management mechanism.

 With DBMS, one should be able to

1. Store the data
2. Retrieve the data
3. Update/Modify the data
4. Delete the data
5. Ensure the security of data
6. Share the data among different users
Examples of Database Applications
 Purchases from the supermarket
 Purchases using your credit card
 Booking a holiday at the travel agents
 Using the local library
 Taking out insurance
 Using the Internet
 Studying at university
 Many more …….
Data and Information
 Data is the material on which computer programs
work upon.

 It can be numbers, letters of the alphabet, words etc.

 But by themselves they have no meaning.

 On the other hand information is processed form of

data.
Data and Information
DATA
1. Data is raw fact and figures
2. For example 080815 is data
3. Data are atomic level pieces of
information
4. Data does not help in decision
making
INFORMATION
1. Information is processed form of
data
2. For example 08-08-15 (8th August
2015) is information
3. Information is collection of data
4. Information helps in decision
making
Operations on Database
 Insertion
 Deletion
 Updation
 Retrieval
 Sort
Traditional File System
 File system is a method for storing and organizing
computer files and data they contain to make it easy to find
and access them.

 The manual filing system works well when the number of

items to be stored is small or when there are large items
and we have only to store and retrieve them.

 Files are designed by using programs written in

programming languages such as C,C++.

 Each file is independent from each other.

Limitations Of File based Approach
 Separated and isolated data
 Duplication of data
 Data Security
 Data dependence (with change in physical representation, application
programs are also affected and needs modification)

 Transactional Problems (does not satisfy ACID properties)

 Concurrency Problems
 Incompatible file formats (file generated by COBOL program may
be different from structure of file generated by C program)
Building Blocks of Database
 Columns
 Rows
 Tables
Characteristics of database
 Organized
 Shared
 Permanent
 Security
 Consistency
 Easily Accessible
 Recoverable
 Non redundancy
 Independence(changes in one level should not affect the other levels)
Components of Database System
 Hardware
 Software
 Data
 Users
 Procedures
Database Users
 Naïve Users
 Online Users (who communicate with database directly via user
interface)

 Application Programmers (who develop user interface/application

programs)

 Sophisticated Users (users interact with system via database query

language)

 DBA
 Specialized Users (who write specialized database applications)
Advantages of DBMS
 Controlling Redundancy
 Integrity can be enforced
 Inconsistency can be avoided
 Data can be shared
 Restricting unauthorized access
 Providing Backup and Recovery
 Concurrency Control
Disadvantages of DBMS
 Size (occupy more disk space)
 Performance (DBMS is written to cater many applications rather than
just one)

 Higher impact of a failure (centralization increases vulnerability of

system)

 Cost of DBMS
 Additional Hardware costs
Schema, Subschema and Instances
 The collection of information stored in the database at
particular moment is called an instance of the
database.

 The overall design of the database is called the

database schema.

 A subschema is a subset of schema and inherits the

same property that a schema has.