people of diverse backgrounds mostly engage in. Persuasive speech Your primary goal is to influence the thoughts, feelings, actions, and behaviors or attitudes of your listeners (Gamble & Gamble, 2012). Qualities of an Effective Persuasive Speech 1. Well-defined goal 2. Clear main point 3. Sufficient supporting ideas 4. Logical reasoning (concrete reasons why your listeners should support your ideas) Qualities of an Effective Persuasive Speech
5. Effective and powerful ways to gain the
attention of your audience) 6. Compelling ideas to make your target audience feel and think 7. Salient motives to target the salient needs of your audience Well-defined goal Guide questions What is your specific goal in mind? Do you expect your audience to think differently, act differently, or both, after they listen to your speech? Clear main point Guide questions Is the main point of your speech clear to you? Is it specific and focused? Sufficient supporting ideas Guide questions Do you have factual statements, reliable sources, or solid evidence to support your main point? Do you have enough number of supporting statements? Logical reasoning Guide questions How will you state your arguments? Will you use any of the following? Deductive (general evidence to specific) Inductive (specific evidence to general) Causal (cause/s and effect/s, or vice versa Analogy (compared to things or situations) Effective and powerful ways to gain the attention of your audience Guide questions Do you use any of the following effective techniques to grab the attention of your listeners and engage them in your speech? Powerful and relevant questions Striking statistics Shocking incident Memorable anecdotes Humorous observations or experiences Compelling ideas to make your target audience feel and think Guide questions Do you appeal to your listener’s minds? Do you appeal to your listener’s hearts? Salient motives to target the salient needs of your audience Guide questions Do you motivate your audience by incorporating ideas and thoughts important to their growth and development as individuals? Types of Claims in Persuasive Speech
1. Speech that questions fact
This type questions the existence of a particular event or happening. Argument: Death penalty is not effective, as it does not deter crime. Types of Claims in Persuasive Speech 2. Speech that questions value This type focuses on questions of value regarding topics on the self, family, friendship, religion, government, freedom, love, and money among others. In this case, the persuasive speaker a. makes a statement or claim which reflects his/her judgment b. attempts to convince his/her audience of his/her judgment, c. justifies it based on standards.
Argument: Sentencing criminals to death is wrong.
Types of Claims in Persuasive Speech 3. Speech that questions policy This type questions the current state of things which can impact the future. In this case, the persuasive speaker asks relevant questions that can help in making a decision on whether or not something should be implemented, observed, or done.
Argument: The government should not revive
death penalty. Organizational pattern
The following are some of the
suggested patterns that you can use to organize your persuasive speech. 1 A.F.O.R.E.S.T (anecdotes, facts and figures, opinion, rhetorical questions, emotive language, superlatives, tripling)
1) Anecdotes. Begin your speech with a personal story,
observation, or experience. 2) Facts and figures. Provide striking statistics that can support your ideas. 3) Opinion. Add in your opinion. You can begin your statement questions (i.e., questions which do not intend to elicit answers, but to make a point.) A.F.O.R.E.S.T (anecdotes, facts and figures, opinion, rhetorical questions, emotive language, superlatives, tripling) 4. Rhetorical Questions. Think of and add engaging rhetorical questions (i.e. questions which do not intend to elicit answers, but to make a point) 5. Emotive language. Appeal to your audience’s emotion. 6. Superlatives. Use superlatives to exaggerate an idea. 7. Tripling. Using three words together to reinforce your point. It is sad to share how my friend’s father died of lethal injection years ago. He suffered and was killed for a crime that he never did. There is no reason for the state to revive the death penalty. (anecdote) When RA 7659 or the Death Penalty Law was still active, six innocent people out of 10 convicts were executed. (facts and figures) Reviving this is unjustifiable. (opinion) How many more innocent men and women will suffer? (Rhetorical question) We are a nation that values life and thinks that everyone deserves chances to change and live for their families. (emotive language) Revive the law only when the lives of those wrongly sentenced are revived. (superlatives) Think. Analyze. Act. (tripling) 2 Problem-Solution 1) Identify the problem. 2) Provide a solution, which will show the practicality of your proposal. A. Purpose: Persuade listeners that the LGBT community should be protected from discrimination. B. Main Point: LGBT communities deserve to be protected by the state against exclusivity in any workplace or office. C. Supporting Idea: There have been horrible reports and cases of discrimination at work in terms of promotion and benefits. Hence, there is a need to create and implement a policy related to this. 2 Problem-Cause-Solution
1) Identify the problem.
2) Analyze the root causes of the problem. 3) Provide a solution to the problem. 3 Comparative Advantages
1) Identify the problem.
2) Present at least two solutions to the problem. 3) Compare the two in terms of practicality and feasibility. 4 Monroe’s Motivated Sequence 1) Grab the attention of the audience by identifying the challenge you plan to confront, or the problem you plan to address. 2) Establish the need or urgency to address the identified challenge or problem. 3) Present possible solutions to your audience to satisfy the need. 4) Help your audience visualize. Use vivid words to convince your audience about the benefits they can gain from the solutions you presented. 5) Engage the audience to participate in promoting change through a call for action. METHODS OF PERSUASION Consider what Lucas (2011) writes about how the audience can be persuaded by a speaker. The audience can be persuaded by the following reasons. They perceive that the speaker has credibility. They are convinced by the evidence presented by the speaker. They are convinced by the speaker’s reasoning. Their emotions are touched by the speaker’s ideas or use of language. How to enhance your credibility
Explain how you will become an expert on
the topic. Connect your experiences, beliefs, values, or attitudes with your audience. Practice more often so you can deliver your speech with conviction. How to use evidence
a. Specify evidence. You can do this citing statistics,
research studies, and other valid and credible information. b. Avoid outdated evidence. c. Choose reputable or credible sources for your evidence. How to use reasoning
Avoid logical fallacies or errors in reasoning
Ad Hominem: This happens when you attack the character of a person instead of his argument. Circular Argument: This happens when the idea of a stated argument is repeated. False Analogy: This happens when two things, which might be alike in some respects, are compared and assumed to be similar in other ways. How to use reasoning
Avoid logical fallacies or errors in reasoning
False Authority: This happens when a statement of someone who is not an expert in the field in question is being used in an argument. False Cause and Effect: This happens when the connection between two consecutive events are not clear. How to use reasoning
Avoid logical fallacies or errors in reasoning
Hasty Generalization: This happens when a conclusion is drawn from insufficient evidence. Red Herring: This happens when the answer does not address the question. How to use emotional appeal a. Internalize what are you saying. If you use emotionally charged words, but you deliver it in a monotonous voice, the audience will not see the sincerity of your message. Instead, make sure to observe your non-verbal cues to ensure that you believe in what you are saying. b. Use emotions appropriately. if you are making a speech on a question of fact, there is little need to use emotional appeal to your audience since you are dealing with facts and emotions. However, if you are making a persuasive speech to change a certain policy, you can add emotional appeal to your speech to capture not only the minds but also the hearts of your audience.