GOOD MORNING EVERYBODY

ORAL CAVITY,
PHARYNX and
GUSTATORY SENSES
NORMAN V.VALERA,M.D.
Department of Anatomy
FEU-NRMF Institute of Medicine
ORAL REGION
 Includes oral cavity, teeth, gingiva,tongue,
palate, and palatine tonsils
 Food is ingested and prepared for digestion
 Food is chewed by teeth and saliva facilitate
formation of manageable food bolus
 Swallowing is initiated [voluntary phase]
 Food is pushed into the pharynx [automatic
phase]
ORAL CAVITY
 Subdivisions - oral
vestibule, oral cavity
proper
 Oral vestibule –
gingivae, lips, cheek
 Oral cavity proper –
teeth, dental arches,roof
of cavity , floor of
mouth,tongue,
palatoglossal,
palatopharyngeal arches
ORAL VESTIBULE AND
BOUNDARIES
 Cheek
 Lips
 Gingiva
 Teeth
 opening of the
Stensen’s duct
(duct of the parotid
gland)
opposite the 2nd
upper molar
 ORAL CAVITY PROPER
 Space bet upper and
lower dental arches
 Limited laterally and
anteriorly by maxillary
and mandibular
alveolar arches
 Roof: Palate
 Communicates post’ly
w/ oropharynx
 When mouth is closed,
O.C. occupied by
tongue
 PALATE
 Forms arched roof
of mouth and floor
of the nasal
cavities
 Separates oral
cavity from the
nasal cavity and
NP
 Two regions:
 Hard palate

 Soft palate
COMPONENTS OF THE ROOF
OF THE ORAL CAVITY
 Hard palate
- anterior 2/3rd palate made of bones (palatine
process of maxilla and horizontal plate of
palatine bone) covered by oral mucosa
 Soft palate - posterior 1/3 palate, w/o bones but
attached to the hard palate by the palatine
aponeurosis
( expanded tendon of the tensor veli palatini)
- forms superior boundary of the fauces
- during swallowing it initially tenses against the
tongue then moves postero-superiorly against
the walls pharynx to prevent passage into nasal
cavity of food particles
ROOF OF ORAL CAVITY
HARD PALATE
 Concave
 Filled by tongue at rest
 Anterior 2/3 has bony skeleton from
palatine process and horizontal plates
of palatine bones
 HARD PALATE

 Contains palatine glands that opens into the

surface of hard palate
 3 foramens
Incisive fossa – behind central incisor for
for the passage of nasoplalatine nerve
Greater palatine foramen- medial to the 3rd
molar passage of greater palatine nerves
and vessels
Lesser palatine foramen – passage of lesser
palatine nerves and vessels
SOFT PALATE
 Movable posterior third
 Has no bony skeleton
 Conical extension posteriorly = UVULA
 Tenses to squeeze food to back of
mouth
 Prevent passage of food to nasal cavity
 Palatine tonsils = on each side of
oropharynx
 FLOOR OF THE MOUTH
 Lingual frenulum
 sublingual papillae

opening of
Wharton’s duct
(submandibular)
 sublingual fold –
openings of the
duct of Rivinus
(sublingual)
MUSCLES OF THE SOFT
PALATE
Name Superior Inferior Innervation Action
attachment attachment

Tensor veli Medial Palatine Medial pterygoid Tenses the

palatini pterygoid plate, aponeurosis n. (br. CN V3) soft palate
sphenoid, and opens the
eustachian tube PT tube

Levator veli Cartilage of the Palatine CN XI via the Elevates soft

palatini PT tube, petrous aponeurosis branch of vagus, palate during
temporal pharyngeal plexus swallowing
and yawning
palatoglossus Palatine aponeu. Side tongue same Elevates post
tongue

Palatopharyn- Hard palate Lateral wall same Tenses

phayngeus pharynx SF/pulls
pharynx
supero-
medially, ant
Musculus uvulae Palatine aponeu. uvula same Shotens/pull
uvula
NEUROVASCULAR SUPPLY OF
PALATE
 Arterial:
 Greater palatine art

 Lesser palatine art

 Venous:
 Pterygoid venous plexus

 Nerve supply:
 Greater palatine n - Gingiva,mucous memb,
glands
 Nasopalatine n - Hard palate

 Lesser palatine n - Soft palate

 LIPS
 Mobile, muscular folds
surrounding the mouth
 Contain the orbicularis
oris, superior and
inferior labial muscles,
blood vessel , nerves
 Covered by skin
[outside] and mucous
memb[inside]
 Fxn: Grasping food,
sucking liquids,forming
speech, kissing
 UPPER LIPS
 Bet nose and opening of
oral cavity
Vermillion border
- indicates abrupt start of
transitional zone
 Nasolabial grooves- bet
nose and angle of mouth
- prominent when smiling
 Philtrum – infranasal
depression
 LOWER LIPS
 Between mouth and
labiomental groove
 Labiomental groove =
separates lower lip from
chin
 Labial frenula= free edged
folds of mucous membrane
in the midline
- extends fr vestibular
gingiva to mucosa of
upper and lower lip
UPPER LIP
 BS: Superior labial br of
facial and infraorbital art
 NS: Superior labial br of
infraorbital nerves
 LS: Submandibular LN

LOWER LIP
 BS: Inferior labial br of
facial and mental art
 NS: Inferior labial br of
mental nerves
 LS: Submental LN
 CHEEKS
 Form the lateral movable
walls of the OC
 Buccinator = principal
muscle of the cheek
 Pushes food from vestibule
into mouth proper
 BS: Buccal br of maxillary
artery
 NS: Buccal br of
mandibular nerve
 GINGIVA
 Composed of fibrous
tissue
 Attached gingiva-
attached to alveolar
process of jaws and
necks of teeth
 Loose gingiva-shiny red
and nonkeratinizing
 Lingual gingiva-related
to tongue
TONGUE
The Sense of Taste
 Taste buds house
the receptor organs
 Location of taste
buds
 Most are on the
tongue
 Soft palate
 Cheeks

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TONGUE
 Mobile muscular
organ
 Partly in oral
cavity and
pharynx
 At rest, occupies
oral cavity proper
 Main functions:
1] Forming words
2] squeezing food
into the pharynx
when swallowing

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PARTS OF THE TONGUE

 BODY –
anterior 2/3
 ROOT –
posterior third
 APEX– pointed
anterior

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 PARTS OF THE TONGUE
 Dorsum
>Terminal sulcus
- Vshaped groove
>Foramen cecum
- small pit
>Lingual papilla
- rough anterior
- mucous
membrane
The Tongue and Taste

 The tongue is covered with projections called

papillae
 Filiform papillae – sharp with no taste buds
 Fungiform papillae – rounded with taste buds
 Circumvallate papillae – large papillae with
taste buds
 Taste buds are found on the sides of papillae

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Structure of Taste Buds
 Gustatory cells are the receptors
 Have gustatory hairs (long microvilli)
 Hairs are stimulated by chemicals
dissolved in saliva

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Structure of Taste Buds

 Impulses are carried to the gustatory

complex by several cranial nerves
because taste buds are found in different
areas
 Facial nerve
 Glossopharyngeal nerve
 Vagus nerve

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 LINGUAL PAPILLAE

 VALLETE
- large and flat topped
- anterior to terminal
sulcus
 FOLIATE
- small lateral folds
- poorly developed

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 FILIFORM
- long and numerous
- contain afferent
nerve ending
- sensitive to touch
- V-shaped row
parallel to terminal
sulcus
 FUNGIFORM
- mushroom
shaped
- apex and
sides
DISTRIBUTION OF TASTE
SENSATION
 Sweetness – tip of
tongue
 Saltiness – antero-
lateral margins
 Sourness – lateral
margins
 Bitterness – posterior
part / base of the
tongue
MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
 EXTRINSIC – origin is outside the tongue
- main action is to move the tongue
genioglossus,styloglossus,hyoglossus,
palatoglossus
 INTRINSIC -superior and inferior longitudinal,
- transverse and vertical muscles

* Almost all muscles are supplied by HYPOGLOSSAL n.

except palatoglossus (CN XI pharyngeal plexus)
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NERVE SUPPLY
 Special sensory
Ant. 2/3 chorda tympani,
branch CN VII
Post. 1/3 and vallate papilla
lingual branch of CN IX

 General sensory
Ant. 2/3 – lingual nerve
of CN V3
Post 1/3 – lingual br. CN IX
TEETH
TOOTH CARE
 Hollywood stars spend a fortune on:
 Laser

 Bleaching/ whitening

 Shaping

 Alignment

 Oral prophylaxis/cleaning
TEETH
 Hard conical
structures
 In alveoli of
upper and
lower jaws
 Mastication
 Assisting
articulation
TYPES OF TEETH
PRIMARY/ MILK TEETH
 In children
 20 in all
 In each side of jaw
 1] 1 medial incisor

 2] 1 lateral incisor

 3] 1 canine

 4] 2 molars
 SECONDARY/
PERMNENT TEETH
 In adults
 32 in all
 In each side of jaw
 1 medial incisor

 1 lateral incisor

 1 canine

 2 premolars

 3 molars
 TEETH ERUPTION
Teeth Age
 Central incisor 7-8
 Lateral incisor 8-9
 Canine 11- 12
 1st premolar 10 - 12
 2nd premolar 10 - 12
 1st molar 6 -7
 2nd molar 11-13
 3rd molar 17 to 21* [ 25]
* - it may become impacted or erupt late which pushes
the other teeth outward causing malocclusion
CHARACTERISTIC TYPE OF TEETH
 Incisors – thin flat cutting edge , incise food
 Canines- pointed , shearing food
 Premolars – 2 cusps, broader surface,chewing
food
 Molars – 3 or more cusps, grinding food
 PARTS OF THE TEETH
 Crown –
projects from
gingiva
 Neck – bet
crown and root
 Root – fixed in
the alveolus
TEETH
 Arterial
- Superior and
inferior alveolar
art [br of
maxillary art ]
 Venous
drainage
- Superior and
inferior alveolar
veins
TEETH
 Nerve supply
- Superior and
inferior
alveolar
nerves
- br of CN V2
PHARYNX
 MUSCLES OF THE PHARYNX
 Circular ( outer )
- superior, middle and inferior
constrictors
 Longitudinal ( inner )
- salphingopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
stylopharyngeus
• Almost all (m) are innervated by
pharyngeal plexus except stylopharygeus
w/c supplied solely by glossopharygeal
PHARYNGEAL

MUSCLES
 EXTENAL LAYER OF
PHARYNGEAL MUSCLE
name Origin insertion innervation action
Superior Pterygoid Median raphe Cranial root Constrict wall
constrictor hamulus, pharynx XI via vagus of pharynx
pterygomandi and
bular raphe pharyngeal
plexus
Middle Hyoid bone Median raphe Same plus same
constrictor branches from
ext. and
recurrent
laryngeal n.
Inferior Thyroid and Median raphe Same as above same
constrictor cricoid
cartilage
 PHARYNGEAL NERVE
INNERVATION
Glossopharyngeal
nerve – supplies
majority of mucosa of
all 3 regions

CN V 2 (maxillary div.)
superior/anterior
nasopharynx
MAJOR SALIVARY GLAND
 MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS
secretion ducts opening Blood Nerve
supply supply
Parotid Purely Stensen Oral External CN IX
serous vestibule carotid / parasym
( upper 2nd superficial via the
molar) temporal auriculo-
temporal
Submandi- Mixed but Wharton’s sublingual Submental CN VII
bular mainly papilla artery parasym
serous beside the branch of via chorda
lingual facial a. tympani
frenulum
sublingual Mixed but Rivinus Sublinual Submental Parasym.
mainly folds artery br. via chorda
mucoid Facial a. tympani
 INTERNAL LAYER OF
PHARYNGEAL MUSCCLE
name origin insertion innervation Action
Palatophary- Hard palate, Thyroid Cranial root CN Elevates
ngeus palatine cartilage and XI via vagus pharynx and
aponeurosis sides of and pharyngeal larynx during
pharynx plexus swallowing
and speaking
Salphingo- Cartilage part Blends w/ Same as above Same as
pharyngeus of eustachian palato- above
tube pharyngeus
stylopharynge Styloid Thyroid Glossophary- Same
us process of cartilage, w/ ngeal nerve
temporal the
palatopharyng
eus
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