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Computationa

Computational
Fluid Dynamics
and
Marine Applications
Presenter
Shamoon Jamshed
PhD (NUST)
MSc CFD (Cranfield,UK)

Fluid Dynamics
Self Introduction
Dr. Engr. SHAMOON JAMSHED

PhD (Computational Heat Transfer)


NUST

MS (CFD)
Cranfield University
UK

BE (Mechanical Engineering)
NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Lecture - 01
Objectives
The objectives of this course are

• To familiarize you with the general concepts and basics


of fluid dynamics and its essential computations
generally required for design (like aerodynamics and
aerothermodynamics)

• A need to incorporate these concepts and available


knowledge into the design of a system
Course outline
• Introduction to computational fluid dynamics and principles of
conservation: continuity equation, Navier-Stokes equation, energy
equation and general structure of conservation equations,
classification of partial differential equations and physical behavior.
• Fundamentals of discretization, finite element method, finite
difference and finite volume method, Finite volume method: some
conceptual basics and illustrations through 1-D steady state diffusion
problems, boundary condition implementation and discretization of
unsteady state problems
• Important consequences of discretization of time dependent
diffusion type problems and stability analysis, consistency, stability
and convergence, LAX equivalence theorem, grid independent and
time independent study.
• Stability analysis of PDEs
• Finite volume discretization of 2-Dunsteady state diffusion type
problems, discretization of convection-diffusion equations: A finite
volume approach.
• SIMPLE algorithm,
• Introduction to turbulence modeling
• Simulation and prediction using FLUENT
• High Performance Computing
Books
John D. Anderson, Jr., “Computational Fluid Dynamics, the
Basics with Application”, McGraw-Hill Series in Mechanical
Engineering, 1995.

Klauss A. Hoffmann, Steve T. Chiang, “Computational Fluid


Dynamics Vol. I”, Fourth Edition, Engineering Education System,
Wichita, Kansas, 2001.

H. K. Versteeg And W. Malalasekera, “An introduction to


computational fluid dynamics: The finite volume method”.
CFD Introduction
Computational
Fluid Dynamics

F.D
Pure Pure
experiment theory

Extents of Fluid Dynamics


Major CFD application (Fieldwise)
Spacecraft:
• Aero-thermodynamics
• Propulsion
• Aero-elasticity
• Thermal effects Automobiles:
Aircraft:
• Aerodynamics • Engines
• Aerodynamics
• Wind tunnel testing • Aerodynamics
• Propulsion
• Electronics
• Structures
• Hydraulics
• Controls
• Industrial
• Manufacturing
Medical design
• others
• Hematology • others
• Drug effect
• Angiography
• Stomach
• etc
CFD application areas
 Aerodynamics of aircraft and vehicles: lift anddrag
CFD application areas (contd..)
 Chemical process
engineering: mixing and
separation, polymer
molding.
 External and internal
environment of
buildings: wind
loading, heating and
ventilation

 Environmental
engineering: distribution
 Marine engineering: loads on of effluents and
off-shore structures pollutants
CFD application areas (contd...)
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 Hydrodynamics of ships.
 Power plants
 Combustion in diesel/petrol
engines and gas turbines
 Turbomachinery:
 Flows inside rotating passages,
diffusers etc.
CFD application areas (contd...)
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 Hydrology and oceanography:


Flow in rivers and oceans.
 Meteorology: Weather
prediction.
 Biomedical engineering: blood
flow through arteries and veins,
 Electrical and electronic
engineering: cooling of
equipment including micro-
circuits.
CFD is comprised of….

Maths

CFD
Fluid Comp.
dynamics Science
CFD (formal definition)
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 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a branch of fluid
dynamics for analysing fluid flow with the help of
calculations/computations

 This is done by solving the governing equations which


are partial differential equations

 These are broken down into a set of algebraic equations


obtained by discretising the equations onto certain
number of cells or points
CFD (2)
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 CFD helps us in gaining the solution of


Partial Differential Equations (PDEs)
by discretising the equations.

 Computer does not understand what


PDE is?

 So the equations are broken down


(discretised) at various points to get
algebraic equations.
CFD (3)
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 Computers can easily solve and understand these


equations and they solve them by using linear algebra.

 Recall your mathematical methods …….


 Gauss Siedel
 Tri diagonal technique
 Jacobi iteration
 Newton Raphson
 Runge Kutta and so on
CFD (4)
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 Applying the First of law of thermodynamics and


Newton’s second law of motion on a fluid particle will
give us three sets of equations
 Mass equation
 Momentum equation
 Energy equation

 These three equations in Fluid Dynamics are collectively


called as the Navier-Stokes Equations.
History of CFD
 Since 1940s analytical solution to most fluid dynamics problems was
available for idealized solutions.

 Methods for solution of ODEs or PDEs were conceived only on paper due to
absence of personal computer

 Daimler Chrysler was the first company to use CFD in Automotive sector.

 There are number of companies and software in CFD field in the world.
Some of the famous software are
 FLUENT
 CHAM (Concentration Heat and Momentum)  1981, Prof. Spalding
 STAR CD  1987 , Prof David Gosman
 ANSYS CFX etc
History of CFD (2)
• Up until 1960s the underlying concepts of fluid mechanics and
algorithms for solving the governing equations were established

• New challenge was the development of powerful computers to solve


these equations numerically

• Nurturing of CFD can be seen in the era of 1960-2000 where modern


tools had been developed
History of CFD (3)
• From mid-1800’s to 1960’s, research in fluid mechanic
focused upon
• Analytical methods with exact solution to Navier-Stokes
equations (~80 known for simple problems, e.g., laminar pipe
flow)
• Approximate methods, e.g., Ideal flow, Boundary layer theory
• Experimental methods
• Scale models: wind tunnels, water tunnels, towing-tanks, flumes,...
• Measurement techniques: pitot probes; hot-wire probes; anemometers;
• Laser-Doppler Velocimetry (LDV); particle-image velocimetry
• Most man-made systems (e.g., airplane) engineered using build-and-test
iteration
• 1960s to date: The rise of CFD
CFD process
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 CFD process comprise of three steps

Pre- Solving the Post-


processing equations processing
Mathematical jargon

• Del Operator:

• Laplacian Operator:

• Gradient:
Mathematical jargon

• Vector Gradient:

• Divergence:

• Directional Derivative:
Mathematical jargon
• Velocity field u, Pressure field p
– Viscosity v, density d (constants)
– External force f

• Navier-Stokes Equation:

• Mass Conservation Condition:


Mathematical jargon
• Velocity field u has zero divergence
– Net mass change of any sub-region is 0
– Flow in == flow out
– Incompressible fluid

• From continuum assumption


Mathematical jargon
• Derived from momentum conservation condition

4 Components:
– Advection/Convection
– Diffusion (damping)
– Pressure
– External force (gravity, etc)
Fluid Mechanics’ subdomains
Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Statics Fluid Dynamics

Laminar Turbulent

Newtonian Fluid Non-Newtonian Fluid

Ideal Fluids Viscous Fluids Rheology

Compressible Incompressible CFD Solutions for


Flow Flow specific Regimes

Turbulent flow, acoustics etc


Impt. Fluid Regimes based on properties
Classification of fluid flows
 Viscous and Inviscid flow
Viscous flows: Flows in which the frictional effects are significant.
Inviscid flow regions: In many flows of practical interest, there are regions (typically
regions not close to solid surfaces) where viscous forces are negligibly small
compared to inertial or pressure forces.

The flow of an originally uniform


fluid stream over a flat plate, and
the regions of viscous flow (next
to the plate on both sides) and
inviscid flow (away from the
plate).

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Flow types
Viscous and Inviscid Flow

In a viscous flow the fluid friction has significant effects on


the flow and the viscous forces dominate
Viscosity
no-slip condition: The fluid that touches the moving plate moves with the same
velocity as that plate and the fluid that touches the static plate has zero velocity.

Velocity gradient ≡ dV/dy = VB / h for a linearly varying velocity profile.

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Flow types
Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids

In Newtonian Fluids such as water, ethanol,


benzene and air, the plot of shear stress versus
shear rate at a given temperature is a straight
line
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Viscosity-Shear Stress
Shear stress (τ ): a stress which is applied parallel or tangential to a face of a
material, as opposed to a normal stress which is applied perpendicularly:

τ = F/A (Pascal)

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Kinematic viscosity (ν): the ratio of absolute viscosity to fluid density (Ns/m2):

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Viscosity-Shear strain
shearing strain (γ ): The angle between the line of fluid at t = 0 and t = t+dt.

rate of shearing strain (dγ/dt): The first derivative of the shearing strain with
respect to time (1/s)

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Important dimensionless numbers

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Important dimensionless numbers (2)
Internal vs. External flow
External flow: The flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface such as a
plate, a wire, or a pipe.
Internal flow: The flow in a pipe or duct if the fluid is completely bounded
by solid surfaces.
• Water flow in a pipe is
internal flow, and airflow
over a ball is external
flow .
• The flow of liquids in a
duct is called open-
channel flow if the duct
is only partially filled
with the liquid and there
is a free surface.
External flow over a tennis ball, and the
turbulent wake region behind.
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Compressible vs. Incompressible
Incompressible flow: If the density of flowing
fluid remains nearly constant throughout (e.g.,
liquid flow).
Compressible flow: If the density of fluid
changes during flow (e.g., high-speed gas flow).
Pressure variation in the flow field is large
enough to cause substantial changes in the
density of fluid.
When analyzing rockets, spacecraft, and
other systems that involve high-speed gas
flows, the flow speed is often expressed
by Mach number
Schlieren image of a small model of the
space shuttle orbiter being tested at
Mach 3 in the supersonic wind tunnel
of the Penn State Gas Dynamics Lab.
Several oblique shocks are seen in the
air surrounding the spacecraft.

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Shock waves
• When the free stream Mach number is increased to higher supersonic
speeds, the oblique shock moves closer to the body surface. At the same
time, the pressure, temperature and density across the shock increase
exponentially. So, the flow field between the shock and body becomes hot
enough to ionize the gas.
• In reality, these special characteristics associated with supersonic flows appear
gradually as the free stream Mach numbers is increased beyond 1 to 5. Above
M=5 the flow is classified as Hypersonic
• As a rule of thumb, the compressible flow regimes are classified as below;
Shock waves (2)
Shock waves(3)
Blunt-nosed body designs are used M > 1

for supersonic and hypersonic speeds Bow Shock M>1


(e.g. Apollo capsules and space Hyperbolic region
shuttle) because :
• They are less susceptible to M<1
Blunt-nosed
aerodynamic heating than sharp δ
body
nosed bodies.
Elliptic
region
• There is a curved bow shock wave,
Sonic
detached from the nose by the shock Line
detachment distance δ.
How CFD captures? But does it .…?
Reason (to some extent..yes)
Laminar and turbulent
Laminar flow: The highly
ordered fluid motion
characterized by smooth layers
of fluid. The flow of high-
viscosity fluids such as oils at
low velocities is typically
laminar.
Transitional flow: A flow that
transits between being laminar
and turbulent.
Turbulent flow: The highly
disordered fluid motion that
typically occurs at high
velocities and is characterized
by velocity fluctuations. The
flow of low-viscosity fluids such
as air at high velocities is
typically turbulent.
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Steady versus Unsteady Flow

• The term steady implies no change at a point with time.

• The opposite of steady is unsteady.

• The term uniform implies no change with location over a specified region.

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GOVERNING EQUATIONS

Q F G H Fv Gv H v
      ------1
t x y z x y z

Here, Q    ,  u ,  v,  w, E 
T

 
T
F   u ,  u  p ,  uv,  uw, ( E  p )u
2

G    v,  uv,  v  p,  vw, ( E  p )v 
T
2

H    w,  uw,  vw,  w  p, ( E  p ) w 
T
2

T 
T

Fv   0, xx , xy , xz , u xx  v xy  w xz  k 
 x 
T
 T 
Gv   0, yx , yy , yz , u yx  v yy  w yz  k 
 y 
T 
T

H v   0, zx , zy , zz , u zx  v zy  w zz  k 
 z 

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the total energy

p   u 2  v 2  w 2 
1 1
E
 1 2
Sutherland formula as
1.5
  T  T0  C
  

0  T0  TC
Where,  0  1.7894  10 5 kg m  s T0  288.15K C  110.4K

The thermal conductivity


c p
k
Pr
Perfect gas assumption

p  RT
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Viscous stress tensor

 4 u 2 v 2 w   u v 
 xx       ,  xy   yx     
 3 x 3 y 3 z   y x 

 2 u 4 v 2 w   u w 
 yy        ,  xz   zx     
 3 x 3 y 3 z   z x 

 2 u 2 v 4 w   v w 
 zz        ,  yz   zy     
 3 x 3 y 3 z   z y 

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GOVERNING EQUATIONS

Q F G H Fv Gv H v
3D unsteady NS      
t x y z x y z

3D steady NS

2D unsteady NS

2D steady NS

1D unsteady NS

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GOVERNING EQUATIONS

Q F G H Fv Gv H v
3D unsteady NS      
t x y z x y z

3D steady NS

2D unsteady NS

2D steady NS

1D unsteady NS

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GOVERNING EQUATIONS

Q F G H Fv Gv H v
3D unsteady NS      
t x y z x y z

3D steady NS

2D unsteady NS

2D steady NS

1D unsteady NS

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GOVERNING EQUATIONS

Q F G H Fv Gv H v
3D unsteady NS      
t x y z x y z

3D steady NS

2D unsteady NS

2D steady NS

1D unsteady NS

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GOVERNING EQUATIONS

Q F G H Fv Gv H v
3D unsteady NS      
t x y z x y z

3D steady NS

2D unsteady NS

2D steady NS

1D unsteady NS

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GOVERNING EQUATIONS

3D unsteady Euler

3D steady Euler

2D unsteady Euler

2D steady Euler

1D unsteady Euler

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GOVERNING EQUATIONS

3D unsteady Euler =0
3D steady Euler

2D unsteady Euler

2D steady Euler

1D unsteady Euler

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GOVERNING EQUATIONS

3D unsteady Euler =0
3D steady Euler

2D unsteady Euler

2D steady Euler

1D unsteady Euler

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GOVERNING EQUATIONS

3D unsteady Euler =0
3D steady Euler

2D unsteady Euler

2D steady Euler

1D unsteady Euler

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GOVERNING EQUATIONS

3D unsteady Euler =0
3D steady Euler

2D unsteady Euler

2D steady Euler

1D unsteady Euler

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GOVERNING EQUATIONS

3D unsteady Euler =0
3D steady Euler

2D unsteady Euler

2D steady Euler

1D unsteady Euler

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Model Equations

Laplace’s Equation

Wave Equation

1st Order
Wave Equation

Heat Equation

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Model Equations

Burger’s Equation
(Inviscid)

Burger’s
(Viscous)

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