Documente Academic
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Computational
Fluid Dynamics
and
Marine Applications
Presenter
Shamoon Jamshed
PhD (NUST)
MSc CFD (Cranfield,UK)
Fluid Dynamics
Self Introduction
Dr. Engr. SHAMOON JAMSHED
MS (CFD)
Cranfield University
UK
BE (Mechanical Engineering)
NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Lecture - 01
Objectives
The objectives of this course are
F.D
Pure Pure
experiment theory
Environmental
engineering: distribution
Marine engineering: loads on of effluents and
off-shore structures pollutants
CFD application areas (contd...)
11
Hydrodynamics of ships.
Power plants
Combustion in diesel/petrol
engines and gas turbines
Turbomachinery:
Flows inside rotating passages,
diffusers etc.
CFD application areas (contd...)
12
Maths
CFD
Fluid Comp.
dynamics Science
CFD (formal definition)
14
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a branch of fluid
dynamics for analysing fluid flow with the help of
calculations/computations
Methods for solution of ODEs or PDEs were conceived only on paper due to
absence of personal computer
Daimler Chrysler was the first company to use CFD in Automotive sector.
There are number of companies and software in CFD field in the world.
Some of the famous software are
FLUENT
CHAM (Concentration Heat and Momentum) 1981, Prof. Spalding
STAR CD 1987 , Prof David Gosman
ANSYS CFX etc
History of CFD (2)
• Up until 1960s the underlying concepts of fluid mechanics and
algorithms for solving the governing equations were established
• Del Operator:
• Laplacian Operator:
• Gradient:
Mathematical jargon
• Vector Gradient:
• Divergence:
• Directional Derivative:
Mathematical jargon
• Velocity field u, Pressure field p
– Viscosity v, density d (constants)
– External force f
• Navier-Stokes Equation:
4 Components:
– Advection/Convection
– Diffusion (damping)
– Pressure
– External force (gravity, etc)
Fluid Mechanics’ subdomains
Fluid Mechanics
Laminar Turbulent
29
Flow types
Viscous and Inviscid Flow
31
Flow types
Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids
τ = F/A (Pascal)
35
Kinematic viscosity (ν): the ratio of absolute viscosity to fluid density (Ns/m2):
36
Viscosity-Shear strain
shearing strain (γ ): The angle between the line of fluid at t = 0 and t = t+dt.
rate of shearing strain (dγ/dt): The first derivative of the shearing strain with
respect to time (1/s)
37
Important dimensionless numbers
38
Important dimensionless numbers (2)
Internal vs. External flow
External flow: The flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface such as a
plate, a wire, or a pipe.
Internal flow: The flow in a pipe or duct if the fluid is completely bounded
by solid surfaces.
• Water flow in a pipe is
internal flow, and airflow
over a ball is external
flow .
• The flow of liquids in a
duct is called open-
channel flow if the duct
is only partially filled
with the liquid and there
is a free surface.
External flow over a tennis ball, and the
turbulent wake region behind.
40
Compressible vs. Incompressible
Incompressible flow: If the density of flowing
fluid remains nearly constant throughout (e.g.,
liquid flow).
Compressible flow: If the density of fluid
changes during flow (e.g., high-speed gas flow).
Pressure variation in the flow field is large
enough to cause substantial changes in the
density of fluid.
When analyzing rockets, spacecraft, and
other systems that involve high-speed gas
flows, the flow speed is often expressed
by Mach number
Schlieren image of a small model of the
space shuttle orbiter being tested at
Mach 3 in the supersonic wind tunnel
of the Penn State Gas Dynamics Lab.
Several oblique shocks are seen in the
air surrounding the spacecraft.
41
Shock waves
• When the free stream Mach number is increased to higher supersonic
speeds, the oblique shock moves closer to the body surface. At the same
time, the pressure, temperature and density across the shock increase
exponentially. So, the flow field between the shock and body becomes hot
enough to ionize the gas.
• In reality, these special characteristics associated with supersonic flows appear
gradually as the free stream Mach numbers is increased beyond 1 to 5. Above
M=5 the flow is classified as Hypersonic
• As a rule of thumb, the compressible flow regimes are classified as below;
Shock waves (2)
Shock waves(3)
Blunt-nosed body designs are used M > 1
• The term uniform implies no change with location over a specified region.
48
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
Q F G H Fv Gv H v
------1
t x y z x y z
Here, Q , u , v, w, E
T
T
F u , u p , uv, uw, ( E p )u
2
G v, uv, v p, vw, ( E p )v
T
2
H w, uw, vw, w p, ( E p ) w
T
2
T
T
Fv 0, xx , xy , xz , u xx v xy w xz k
x
T
T
Gv 0, yx , yy , yz , u yx v yy w yz k
y
T
T
H v 0, zx , zy , zz , u zx v zy w zz k
z
49
the total energy
p u 2 v 2 w 2
1 1
E
1 2
Sutherland formula as
1.5
T T0 C
0 T0 TC
Where, 0 1.7894 10 5 kg m s T0 288.15K C 110.4K
p RT
50
Viscous stress tensor
4 u 2 v 2 w u v
xx , xy yx
3 x 3 y 3 z y x
2 u 4 v 2 w u w
yy , xz zx
3 x 3 y 3 z z x
2 u 2 v 4 w v w
zz , yz zy
3 x 3 y 3 z z y
51
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
Q F G H Fv Gv H v
3D unsteady NS
t x y z x y z
3D steady NS
2D unsteady NS
2D steady NS
1D unsteady NS
52
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
Q F G H Fv Gv H v
3D unsteady NS
t x y z x y z
3D steady NS
2D unsteady NS
2D steady NS
1D unsteady NS
53
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
Q F G H Fv Gv H v
3D unsteady NS
t x y z x y z
3D steady NS
2D unsteady NS
2D steady NS
1D unsteady NS
54
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
Q F G H Fv Gv H v
3D unsteady NS
t x y z x y z
3D steady NS
2D unsteady NS
2D steady NS
1D unsteady NS
55
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
Q F G H Fv Gv H v
3D unsteady NS
t x y z x y z
3D steady NS
2D unsteady NS
2D steady NS
1D unsteady NS
56
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
3D unsteady Euler
3D steady Euler
2D unsteady Euler
2D steady Euler
1D unsteady Euler
57
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
3D unsteady Euler =0
3D steady Euler
2D unsteady Euler
2D steady Euler
1D unsteady Euler
58
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
3D unsteady Euler =0
3D steady Euler
2D unsteady Euler
2D steady Euler
1D unsteady Euler
59
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
3D unsteady Euler =0
3D steady Euler
2D unsteady Euler
2D steady Euler
1D unsteady Euler
60
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
3D unsteady Euler =0
3D steady Euler
2D unsteady Euler
2D steady Euler
1D unsteady Euler
61
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
3D unsteady Euler =0
3D steady Euler
2D unsteady Euler
2D steady Euler
1D unsteady Euler
62
Model Equations
Laplace’s Equation
Wave Equation
1st Order
Wave Equation
Heat Equation
63
Model Equations
Burger’s Equation
(Inviscid)
Burger’s
(Viscous)
64