Structure II

Course Code: ARCH 209

Dr. Aeid A. Abdulrazeg

 Preliminary Sizing of Members
• The analysis and design of concrete structures is essential a trial
and error process.
• The magnitude of permanent gravity loads, for instance, is
dependent on member sizes is required before structure can be
analysed.
• If the final dimensions required to resist, say bending moment in a
member differ from the initial estimate of the member size, then
the design process must be repeated with revised member
dimensions until these initial assumptions are satisfied.
• The more accurate the initial size estimates, the less iterations will
be involved as the solution will converge more rapidly to precise
requirements.
 Preliminary Sizing of Beams
Effective Depth of the Beam

• The strength of the beams in flexure is governed principally by the

effective depth, that is , the depth from the extreme compression
fiber of the beam to the centroid of the tension steel .
• A large effective depth results in a relatively small required
quantity of reinforcement. However, deeper beams at each floor
level increase the permanent gravity load to the columns and result
in a higher building overall which requires extra cladding.

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Table 1 The different possibilities of steel arrangement
b b

h h

db/2 db
dtie dtie
cover cover

d bar
d  h  cov er  d tie  d  h  cov er  d tie  d bar
2
5 5
 b b

d centre of
steel bars
h

db db
s s
dtie
cover cover

s d bar
d  h  cov er  d tie  d bar  d  h  cov er  d tie  d bar  s 
2 2

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Consider a simply-supported beam of rectangular cross-section
supporting a distributed load as shown in Figure :

The deflection can be expressed as a fraction of the span by dividing

both sides by L.

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 The limitations on deflection are governed by satisfying the basic
(span/effective depth) ratio from Table 3.9 (BS8110), modified
accordingly for tension and compression steel using Table 3.10
(BS8110) and Table 3.11 (BS8110).

The ratios are given for both rectangular and flanged sections and are
based on limiting the total deflection to ≤ (span/250). This should
ensure that any deflection occurring after construction of finishes and
partitions ≤ (span/500) and ≤ (20 mm).

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 Example 2
• A rectangular concrete beam 250 mm wide × 475 mm overall
depth is simply supported over a 6.0 m span. Using the data
given, check the suitability of the beam with respect to
deflection.

Data:
Characteristic strength of concrete (fcu) 40 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of main steel (fy) 460 N/mm2
Area of reinforcement steel required 897 mm2
Assume the distance to the centre of the main steel from the tension face is
50 mm
Design ultimate moment at mid- span 150 kN. m

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291.7

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 Breadth of Beams

• The breadth of rectangular concrete beams and

webs in flanged beams has a much lesser effect
on the resistance of a beam to bending moment
than does effective depth.

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• Breadth is governed by the practical
consideration of simply fitting all the
reinforcement into the section while avoiding
congestion.

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• The minimum practical breadth for a design in
accordance with EC2 is:
b = 2 (cover to main reinforcement) + 2 Dim. Stirrup+ 5Ømax

db 2
s S  h agg.
3
cover
S = hagg + 5 mm 18
S = Ømax.
• Breadth is a major influencing factor on the shear
strength of beams.
• The preliminary breadths is determined by limiting
the shear stress in beams to 2.0 N per mm2.
V
v
bd
v  2 .0 N 2
mm

V
b
2.0  d
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 T or L beams occurs where the beams are cast integrally with
the floor slab.
Floor slab

A A

End beam or L-Beam

Intermediate beam or
Floor Slab T-beam

L-beam T-beam
Due to the integrity of beams with the floor slab a part of the slab has to
be considered in the design of the beam. The part of the floor slab
integrated with the beam is called flange and the rest of the beam is
called the web. The T and L shaped beam is shown in Fig. along with
the dimension used.
bf bf

flange hf flange
hf

d
d
web web

As As

bw bw
Fig. Isolated T and L beam sections

The intermediate beam show in Fig. will have a floor slab at its top
from both sides and hence has a T shape, while the end beam has a
floor slab from once side and hence has an L shape.
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The effective breadth “bf “ of the flange is given in BS 8110 part-1
clause 3.4.1.5 as follows:
1. T-beam
Lz or centre to centre between beams whichever
b f  bw 
5 is less

2. L -beam

Lz or ½ of centre to centre distance between

b f  bw 
10 beams
where:
• bw : the width of the web
• Lz : the distance between points of zero moment (point
of inflection) in the beam.
where:
• In continuous beams of length L, Lz = 0.85L for external
span , 0.7L for internal span and 2.0L for cantilevered.
Example:

for the beam shown in figure the total factored ultimate

loading is 43 kN per m and the total depth is 800 mm.
Find:
• Preliminary web breadth.
• The effective flange breadth.

Given:
• T- section continuous beams.
• Total design load is 43 kN per m
• Total depth 800 mm
• Area of tensile reinforcement 950 mm2
• Characteristic strength of concrete 30 kN/mm2

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 10 mm

25 mm 24
the effective depth:

max
d  h  C. cov er  Dim.str. 
2
25
d  800  45  10   732.5mm
2

Assuming each span be simply supported, the shear force at the

ends of each member:

wl 43  9
V    194kN
2 2
25
 V 194 1000
b   132.42mm
2 d 2  732.5
the minimum web breadth required all bars on one level is given
by:

b  45 2 10  2  3 25  185mm

the minimum web breadth required for fire resistance. 200 mm.

thus the minimum web breadth is 200 mm

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(b) The effective flange breadth.

the distance between points of zero moment in span BC is

Lo  0.7  9  6.3m

Hence, the effective flange breadth is

1 1
b f  b  Lo  200   6300  1460mm
5 5

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