Redundant Array of

Independent Disks

PRESENTED TO:
DR SHAHID MANZOOR
PRESENTED BY: HASNAIN QAYYUM
 what is Raid
• REDUNDANT ARRAY OF INDEPENDENT DISKS]
• THE TERM WAS COINED BY DAVID PATTERSON, GARTH A. GIBSON, AND
RANDY KATZ AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY IN 1987.
• IT IS A TECHNOLOGY WHICH IS USED TO CONNECT MULTIPLE SECONDARY
STORAGE DEVICES FOR INCREASED PERFORMANCE, DATA REDUNDANCY OR
BOTH.
• IT CONSISTS OF AN ARRAY OF DISKS IN WHICH MULTIPLE DISKS ARE
CONNECTED TO ACHIEVE DIFFERENT GOALS.
• SINCE THERE ARE MANY DISKS, MULTIPLE I/O REQUESTS CAN BE HANDLED IN
PARALLEL IF THE DATA REQUIRED IS ON SEPARATE DISKS
BENEFITS OF RAID
• DATA LOSS CAN BE VERY DANGEROUS FOR AN
ORGANIZATION
• RAID TECHNOLOGY PREVENTS DATA LOSS DUE
TO DISK FAILURE
• RAID TECHNOLOGY CAN BE IMPLEMENTED IN
HARDWARE OR SOFTWARE
• SERVERS MAKE USE OF RAID TECHNOLOGY
 How Raid Work
• WITH RAID TECHNOLOGY, DATA CAN BE MIRRORED ON ONE OR MORE
DISKS IN THE SAME ARRAY, SO THAT IF ONE DISK FAILS, THE DATA IS
PRESERVED.
• THIS TECHNIQUE KNOWN AS STRIPING (A TECHNIQUE FOR SPREADING
DATA OVER MULTIPLE DISK DRIVES).
• RAID ALSO OFFERS THE OPTION OF READING OR WRITING TO MORE
THAN ONE DISK AT THE SAME TIME IN ORDER TO IMPROVE
PERFORMANCE.
• IN THIS ARRANGEMENT, SEQUENTIAL DATA IS BROKEN INTO SEGMENTS
WHICH ARE SENT TO THE VARIOUS DISKS IN THE ARRAY.
 RAID technology
THERE ARE 7 LEVELS OF RAID SCHEMES. THESE SCHEMAS ARE AS RAID 0, RAID 1, ....,
RAID 6.
THE COMMON CHARACTERISTIC IN ALL THESE LEVELS IS:
• IT CONTAINS A SET OF PHYSICAL DISK DRIVES.
• IN THIS TECHNOLOGY, THE OPERATING SYSTEM VIEWS THESE SEPARATE DISKS AS A
SINGLE LOGICAL DISK.
• IN THIS TECHNOLOGY, DATA IS DISTRIBUTED ACROSS THE PHYSICAL DRIVES OF THE
ARRAY.
• REDUNDANCY DISK CAPACITY IS USED TO STORE PARITY INFORMATION.
• IN CASE OF DISK FAILURE, THE PARITY INFORMATION CAN BE HELPED TO RECOVER
THE DATA.
 Raid 0
• RAID LEVEL 0 DIVIDES DATA INTO BLOCK UNITS AND WRITES THEM ACROSS A
NUMBER OF DISKS.
• AS DATA IS PLACED ACROSS MULTIPLE DISKS, IT IS ALSO CALLED “DATA
STRIPPING”
• THE ADVANTAGE OF DISTRIBUTING DATA OVER DISKS IS THAT IF TWO DIFFERENT
I/O REQUESTS ARE PENDING FOR TWO DIFFERENT BLOCKS OF DATA, THEN
THERE IS A POSSIBILITY THAT THE REQUESTED BLOCKS ARE ON DIFFERENT DISKS
• THERE IS NO PARITY CHECKING OF DATA.
• IF DATA IN ONE DRIVE GETS CORRUPTED THEN ALL THE DATA WOULD BE LOST.
THUS RAID 0 DOES NOT SUPPORT DATA RECOVERY
• THE FAILURE OF JUST ONE DRIVE WILL RESULT IN ALL DATA IN AN ARRAY BEING
LOST.
RAID 1
• THIS LEVEL IS CALLED "MIRRORING" AS IT COPIES DATA ONTO TWO
DISK DRIVES SIMULTANEOUSLY.
• AS SAME DATA IS PLACED ON MULTIPLE DISKS, IT IS ALSO CALLED
“DATA MIRRORING”
• THE AUTOMATIC DUPLICATION OF THE DATA MEANS THERE IS
LITTLE LIKELIHOOD OF DATA LOSS OR SYSTEM DOWNTIME.
• A READ REQUEST CAN BE EXECUTED BY EITHER OF THE TWO DISKS
• IF ONE DRIVE FAILS WE JUST HAVE TO ACCESS DATA FROM THE
SECOND DRIVE
RAID 2
RAID 2 RECORDS ERROR CORRECTION CODE USING HAMMING DISTANCE
FOR ITS DATA, STRIPED ON DIFFERENT DISKS. LIKE LEVEL 0, EACH DATA BIT
IN A WORD IS RECORDED ON A SEPARATE DISK AND ECC CODES OF THE
DATA WORDS ARE STORED ON A DIFFERENT SET DISKS. DUE TO ITS
COMPLEX STRUCTURE AND HIGH COST, RAID 2 IS NOT COMMERCIALLY
AVAILABLE.
RAID 3
RAID 3 STRIPES THE DATA ONTO MULTIPLE DISKS. THE PARITY BIT GENERATED
FOR DATA WORD IS STORED ON A DIFFERENT DISK. THIS TECHNIQUE MAKES IT
TO OVERCOME SINGLE DISK FAILURES.
RAID 4
IN THIS LEVEL, AN ENTIRE BLOCK OF DATA IS WRITTEN ONTO DATA
DISKS AND THEN THE PARITY IS GENERATED AND STORED ON A
DIFFERENT DISK. NOTE THAT LEVEL 3 USES BYTE-LEVEL STRIPING,
WHEREAS LEVEL 4 USES BLOCK-LEVEL STRIPING. BOTH LEVEL 3 AND
LEVEL 4 REQUIRE AT LEAST THREE DISKS TO IMPLEMENT RAID
RAID 5
RAID 5 WRITES WHOLE DATA BLOCKS ONTO DIFFERENT DISKS, BUT
THE PARITY BITS GENERATED FOR DATA BLOCK STRIPE ARE
DISTRIBUTED AMONG ALL THE DATA DISKS RATHER THAN STORING
THEM ON A DIFFERENT DEDICATED DISK.
RAID 6
RAID 6 IS AN EXTENSION OF LEVEL 5. IN THIS LEVEL, TWO
INDEPENDENT PARITIES ARE GENERATED AND STORED IN
DISTRIBUTED FASHION AMONG MULTIPLE DISKS. TWO PARITIES
PROVIDE ADDITIONAL FAULT TOLERANCE. THIS LEVEL REQUIRES AT
LEAST FOUR DISK DRIVES TO IMPLEMENT RAID.