Plasmodium ovale

Phylum :Protozoa
Subphylum :Sporozoa
Class :Telosporidea
Subclass :Haemosporidia
Family :Plasmodiidae
Genes :Plasmodium
Species :Plasmodium ovale
Synonym Plasmodium vivax minutum
One from the four species which most infected
human but the least incidence
Disease
• Malaria tertian(taken fron italian words mal(bad) aria(air)
where tertian means that the fever relaps in 3 days or 48
hours)
• Camerun fever
• Jungle fever
• Paludisme
• Hot and chill
• Charges fever
• Coast fever
• ague
• Roma fever
• Tropic fever
 Morphology
• differential diagnose in microscopic
• Plasmodium malariae
• Plasmodium vivax
• Plasmodium falcifarum
Morphology:
-
Trophozoites
young trophozoit
compact rings in cells containing
James's dots(shuffer dots).
The trophozoite rings remain
compact as they developand
show little of the amoeboid
features common in Plasmodium
vivax.
Small scattered pigment
granules can be seen in
developing trophozoites which
disperse as the trophozoite
matures.
Morphology:
-
Trophozoites

. Late trophozoites are

round and consolidated
with an increase in
cytoplasm, they are very
similar to P. vivax at this
stage.
Morphology:
-
Schizonts
The parasite is smaller
than red cell and contains
6-12 merozoites, usually 8
in a single ring. The
pigmentis a
brown/greenish central
clump. The red cell slightly
enlarged, stippled,
frequently oval and
fimbriated.
Morphology:
-
Gametocytes
microgamete(male)
The mature gametocytes are
round, filling two thirds of the red
cell.
The red cell is slightly enlarged
and and stippled
contains pigment which has a
distinct arrangement of
concentric rodlets, mostly at the
periphery.
Microgamete is male and.
microgamete has diffuse
nucleus.
Morphology:
-
macrogamete(female)The
mature gametocytes are round,
filling two thirds of the red cell.
The red cell is slightly enlarged
and and stippled and contains
pigment which has a distinct
arrangement of concentric
rodlets, mostly at the periphery.
Macrogamete has compact
nucleus on the other hand
Life cycle
Life cycle
The are 2 type of life cycle
• Sexual phase in the mid gut of the
vector(anopheles sp.)in sporogoni process
• Axesual phase in human
Life cycle
The first step is infection in human
The infected mosquito with plasmodium ovale bite
human at dawn to dusk
P. Ovale inside human blood or lymph
Life cycle
Liver phase
Arrive in the liver the sporozoit eaten by kuffer cells and
not being destroyed completely some goes into the
resting phase hipnozoit
Some goes into the parencmy cells
Diffrerentiated to shizont(about 15000 merozoit)
Brusting the meozoit into the blood stream
Life cycle
Human blood stream
Merozoit infected the red blood cells becoming the
tropozoit
Tropozoit multiple becaming shizont with have 4-12
merozoit
After 48 hours bursting the infected cells
This where the clinical symtoms occur
Some infected new rbc
Some differentiated into gametogenesis
Life cycle
Gamete and fertilization
There are 2 type gamete micro(male) and macro
gamete(female).
The gamete being sucked by the vector when eaten the
human blood and going into the mid gut
Fertilization in the midgut becoming zygot
Zygot differ into ookinete moving into the mid gut wall
Life cycle
Sporogoni and mature sporozoit
ookinete in the mid gut becoming oocyct in the mid gut
After 12-14 days brusting 8-10000 sporozit into the salivary
gland making the vector infected with P. ovale
When bites human the cycle repeated
Life cycle
• Trophozoites The growing form of the parasite in the blood of
human
• Schizonts A form which is in process of dividing asexually
• Schizogony a process of asexual production by which the nucleus
and cytoplasm divide into many subsidiary parts simultaneously,
each parts being called a merozoite.
• Sporogony a process or cycle of sexual reproduction, which results
in the formation of sporozoites
• Gametocytes The stage of the parasite containing gamete
• Gametes the male gamete or microgamete, and the female gamete
or macrogamete, before the fertilization has taken place
• Zygote the fertilized marcogamete
• Ookinete a zygote capable of moving
• Oocyst an ookinete which has settled down,become rounded and
covered with a membranous cyst wall
phatogenesis
The clinical symstoms having 3 stadium
Cold=chill stage(15 minutes-1 hours)
Hot stage(fever 2-4 hours)
Sweating stage(2-4 hours)
The relapsing fever every 3 days
phatogenesis
Another symptoms
• Weak body and pale
• • anaemia
• • uncomfertable with stomach and
vomitting
• • headache
• • in years spleenomegaly
phatogenesis
• differential diagnosis
• dengue
• relapsing fever
• viral haemorhage fever
• septicaemia
• acute respiratory infection
• meningitis
• typhoid fever
• influlenza and other viral infection
diagnosis
The diagnosis is watching the clinical
symptoms and takig blood sample to
make thin and thick film of blood
Thick film is used to find the parasites
Thin film is used to identify the
parasites
diagnosis
Another supportive diagnosis
Q.B.C. (Quantitative Buffy Coat)
I.R.M.A. (Immunoradiometric assay)
RNA probe
Hibridisasi DNA
Indirect fluorescence Assay (IFA)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
treatment
• ancillary treatment
• giving oral antipyretics
• fanning
• removal of clothing
• sponging with tepid watr
• rehydration
treatment
treatment
• compliance with oral antimalarials
• children of ten to fail take a full course of oral drugs
because they:
• spit out the medicine
• vornit before the drug is absorbed
• compliance can be increased by
• using a syrup formulation of the antimalarial
• giving the drug with a drink of milk
• watching the child after the first dose
treatment
treatment
treatment
• assessment of the response to
treatment
• clinical examination
• peripheral blood film
• haemoglobin assay
treatment
innate resistance to malaria
• haemoglobinnophathies
– these genetic variants of haemoglobin
partially protects people from malaria
– HbS
– HbC
– HbE
– alpha and bheta thalassaemias
innate resistance to malaria
• major histocompatibility comlox (MHC)
– two MHC alles may partially protect from
malaria
– HLA_B53 may favour increaced cytotoxic T
lymphocyte killing of infected liver ceels
– HLA-DRB1*1302 may increased clearance
of infected rbs’s
innate resistance to malaria
• duffy blood groups
• other RBC variants
– G6PD
– South east asian ovalocytosis
epidemiology
• Geograpic distribution
• west Africa,
• Philippines,
• eastern Indonesia
• papua new guinea
epidemiology
• Measure of endemic
epidemiology
• Transmitting malaria
• Natural infection
– Vectors bites
• Un natural infection
1. Congenital
2. Mechanic
3. oral
epidemiology
• Factor transmitting malaria
• Human
• Mosquito
• Surrounding
• Parasite
• Measure of control
epidemiology
• Prevention
• Isolate the patient with malaria
• Curing the patient
• Minimize the vector spread