Methods & Techniques of Collecting Information: Prepared By: Ms. Cindy A. Javier Guest Lecturer I

METHODS & TECHNIQUES
OF COLLECTING
INFORMATION
Prepared by:
MS. CINDY A. JAVIER
GUEST LECTURER I
I. OBSERVATION &
DESCRIPTION (ODEX)
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ODEX
◦ An individual’s complete awareness of his surroundings
is achieved through maximum employment of his/her
senses.
◦ ODEX focuses on factually reporting one’s own
observations or the sensory experience recounted by
others.

Psychological Process for Accurate

Observation
1. Attention – consists of the psychological process
involved in becoming aware of an existence of fact.
*Types of Attention
◦ Involuntary – no control and requires no effort.
◦ Voluntary – more reliable in the sense that the mind is
conditioned to focus or observe a particular thing or
subject, exerting more effort and less control.
◦ Habitual – little effort with a maximum of control.

Cont…
2. Perception – involves in the understanding this fact of
awareness.
*Perception Factors
◦ Mental Capacity – possession of enough intelligence to
comprehend and understand facts and things.
◦ Educational Background – possession of specific
knowledge through formal education. A person might be
mentally matured but his understanding on things may still
be limited due to lack of different perception about things.

Cont…
◦ Empirical Background – understanding is based on
previous exposure from the same set of facts and not
by formal education.
◦ Occupational Background – perception may vary
due to the occupation or the nature which someone
is engaged in.

Cont…
◦ Recurrence of similar incident – repetition of similar and
related events may cause overlapping facts that may lead to
confusion upon reporting.
II. ELICITATION

ELICITATION
◦ The process of extracting information during an
apparently normal and innocent communication, where
one or more of the involved parties is not aware of the
specific purpose of the conversation.
◦ One attraction of elicitation is that, it is very low risk
activity. It is hard for the target to recognize as an
intelligence collection technique and easy to deny any
intentional wrongdoing. It is just a pleasant conversation
among colleagues or friends.

- Elicitation through a simple conversation is a planned,

systematic process requiring careful preparation that
generally includes the following:
a. Preparation – Before the approach, all available
intelligence files and records, personality, dossiers and
knowledge possessed by others who have previously dealt
with the subject.
b. Approach – approach the subject in normal
surroundings to avoid suspicion.
c. Conversation – devise techniques to channel the
conversation to the area of interest.

Eliciting Tricks
◦ By appealing to the ego, self-esteem or prominence of
the subject; you might be able to guide him or her into a
conversation on the area of operation.
◦ By soliciting the subject’s opinion and by insinuating
that he or she is an authority on a particular topic.
◦ By adopting an unbelievable attitude, you may be able to
cause the subject to explain in detail or to answer out of
irritation.

Cont…
◦ By inserting bits of factual information on a particular
topic, you might influence the subject to confirm and
further expound on the topic.
◦ By offering sincere and valid assistance, you might be
able to determine the subject’s specific area of interest.
◦ By quoting something as fact
◦ By disagreeing partially
◦ By use of flattery liberally but sensibly

Cont…
◦ By sharing confidence with the subject
◦ By use of analogies and or comparative situations
◦ By being incredulous and ask for proof
◦ By use of refreshments, food and music to eliminate
strange relationship and make him willing to
exchange confidence

Employment of Technical Means

1. Bugging - The use of an equipment or tool to listen
and record discreetly conversations of other people.
2. Wire Tapping - A method of collecting information
thru interception of telephone conversation.
III. CASING

CASING
◦ One of the basic tools of a field operative in the
conduct of covert operation.
◦ It is continuous, being an indispensable preparatory
step to the conduct of virtually every type of
clandestine activity, and highly sensitive in that its
early detection compromises in advance its intended
operational use.

◦ The discreet inspection or observation of place conducted

to facilitate any of the following:
1. To determine the place suitability and vulnerability
for a particular operational use.
2. To gather information necessary to develop a plan
for its operational use.
3. To verify or validate an information about the area.

Conducts Prior to Casing

1. Determine the specific need for the casing and the
information required
2. Exhaust other sources of information
3. Develop a logical and systematic plan
4. Prepare needed supplies and equipment
5. Consider the risk involved and how to avoid them.
6. Plan the cover before, during and after casing.

Conducts During Casing

1. Act naturally
2. Make measurement and take notes discreetly. Develop
observational skills and make recording in secure places
or make the recording in a disguised manner.
3. Get all information required on the first visit.
4. Use concealment devices for photography in public
places. Develop proficient skills in clandestine
photography.

Types of Casing
1. External – It is close observation and clear description
of area, building, or installation; particularly its location,
approaches , physical barriers, immediate vicinity etc.
2. Internal – It is the close observation and clear
description of the layout of the building, an office or
room.

Steps in Casing
1. Area familiarization
2. Actual inspection

Considerations in Recasing
1. Recasing should be done prior to operational use if
several months have passed since the original casing
2. Recasing should be done at the specific time of day
and day of week the site is designed to be used.
3. Recasing should be spaced out and conducted at
various times of the day and the days of the week to
increase the knowledge base on the site.

Cont…
4. Outdoor site should be cased at different season or
weather condition.
5. Ideally, a recasing should be done one day before the
site is used.

Casing Report
- basically composed of textual presentation coupled
with accurate illustrations.
1. Description of the mission
2. Operational data covering the target/subject, mode
of communication and cover used by the operatives.
3. Logistics used
4. Recommendations (as to the suitability, best
approach to be used, etc.)
IV. SURVEILLANCE

SURVEILLANCE
◦ The covert, discreet observation of people and places
for the purpose of obtaining information concerning the
identities or activities of subjects.

Objectives of Surveillance
1. To determine the activities of the subject, establish the
identity of the contacts and locate meeting places
2. To locate addresses or places frequented by the subject
as well as his associates
3. To test the reliability/loyalty of informant
4. To confirm or deny allegations

Cont…
5. To prepare for the execution of authorized arrest
6. To secure a bases for obtaining a search warrant
7. To amplify known data or to obtain or develop leads
8. To provide security such as protecting a witness from
harassment or a crime victim for further harm.

Terms to Remember:
1. SURVEILLANT – is the plainclothes investigator assigned
to make the observation
2. SUBJECT – is who or what is observed. It can be a
person, place, property, and vehicle, group of people,
organization or object.
3. AREA TARGET – refers to area of operation of
surveillance activities
4. LOG – chronological records of activities that took place in
the establishment under surveillance.

Cont…
5. SAFE HOUSE - Refers to a place where agents meet each
other for purposes of de-briefing and reporting.
6. LIVE DROP- Refers to a place where agents or informants
leave their messages to the other agents.
7. DECOY- A person or object used by the subject in attempt
to elude surveillant
8. CONVOY - An associate of the subject who follows him to
detect surveillance.

Cont…
9. CONTACT - Any person whom the subjects picks or deals with
while he is under observation and identifies the observer
10. MADE – when subject under surveillance becomes aware that
he is under observation and identifies the observer also known as
“ BURNT OUT”
11. LOST – when the surveillant does not know the whereabouts
of his subject or the subject had eluded the surveillance.
12. SURVEILLANCE PLAN – the outline/blueprint as to how
surveillance should be conducted.

Cont…
13. Beeper – battery operated device that emits radio frequency
signals which permit it to be tracked by a directional finder-
receiver; it is likewise called beacon, transponder and electronic
tracking device or ETD for short.
14. Close Surveillance – The subject person is kept under constant
surveillance; it is also termed as tight surveillance, the aim is not
to lose the subject is under surveillance.
15. Fixed Surveillance – This is similar to stakeout


Cont…
16. Loose Surveillance – it is a cautious surveillance; also termed
discreet surveillance because the loss of the subject is preferred to
possible exposure.
17. Moving Surveillance – The surveillance has moved abut in
order to follow the subject.
18. Mustard Plaster – a form of open surveillance; where the
subject is followed so closely and that surveillant and subject are
almost in lock step. It is tantamount to protective custody.

Cont…
19. Open Surveillance – surveillance with little or no attempt at
concealment; also termed as rough surveillance. The subject is
most likely aware of the surveillance, but must not be lost.
20. Plant – similar to stakeout an undercover
21. Pen register – a device that records all numbers dialed on a
telephone company’s central office
22. Shadow – to follow secretly or to place a person under
surveillance

Cont…
23. Stake out – called as a plant or fixed surveillance; here the
surveillance remains essentially in one position or locale.
24. Tail – is to follow and keep under surveillance
25. Tailgaiting – it is a form of open surveillance in which the
subject’s vehicle is closely followed.
26. Undercover – It is an undercover agent who often gets to
know or work alongside the subject. The term roping describes
this situation, and the undercover agent is to be planted.

Surveillant’s Qualification
1. Average physical appearance 7. Quick witted
2. Ability to remain unnoticed 8. Desirable attitudes
3. Patience and physical stamina 9. Suitable skills
4. Good power of observation and relative retentive memory
5. Team man
6. Common sense/street smart

Types of Surveillance
1. Stationary Surveillance – otherwise known as fixed,
plant or stakeout surveillance and is commonly done in
one standard location. This is best useful when:
a. A stolen property is expected to be dropped, or
b. A crime is expected to happen.

Cont…
2. Moving Surveillance – employed when the subject
moves from one place to another. The person is commonly
tailing or shadowing the subject.
◦ Tailing/Shadowing – simply means the act of
following a person’s movement either through foot or
with the use of automobile. The subject of this
surveillance is usually a person. This could be done in
the following manner:

Cont…
Forms of Tailing
a. Rough Shadowing– otherwise known as rough
tail or open tail.
- It is employed without special precautions, the
subject maybe aware of the surveillance; employed also
when the subject is a material witness and must be
protected from harm or other undesirable influences.

Cont…
Forms of Tailing
b. Loose tail - employed where a general impression
of the subject’s habits and associates is required.
c. Close tail – extreme precautions are taken against
losing the subject is employed where constant surveillance
is necessary.

Cont…
3. Technical Surveillance – by the use of
communications and electronics gadgets, system and
equipment.
4. Informer – employment of other person to conduct
the surveillance.

Planning & Preparation for Surveillance

1. Approval of appropriate authority
– this will ensure that the necessary administrative
and supply support will be provided as well as
observance of proper coordination to successfully direct
the operation.

Cont…
2. Target & Area study
- This is the collection, study and analysis of
operational data on target and area where surveillance is
to take place. Important details about the target may
include means of identification such as description
(complete profile), habits and mannerism, interests,
routine (route taken and transportation use), and probable
degree of security consciousness.

Cont…
3. Surveillance Plan
- The plan must be sufficiently detailed to prevent
misunderstanding and confusion. Among the things that
must be established before the actual surveillance are:
Number and type of personnel required, general and
specific instructions, individual tasking among
surveillance if necessary, administrative and logistic
support, prescribed communication methods, etc.

Methods of Surveillance
1. Discreet – subject’s unawareness is the primordial
consideration. The guiding rule is to discontinue
operational rather than risk compromise.
*Note: To be discreet is to maintain considerable
distance between the target and the operatives. This may
vary from Normal, wherein the distance between the
subject and surveillant is about half a block apart.

Cont…
Very Discreet, wherein the distance is just enough to
maintain visual contact with subject, and the Strip,
wherein several teams alternately take over the
surveillance after some distance to lull target into a false
sense of security.

Cont…
2. Intermittent observation – may be applied frequently
or infrequently with varying periods of observation on
each occasion. Intermittent observation is often
employed to spot check activities of known subversive
personalities.
*Note: Intermittent observation is employ occasionally,
especially after establishing the subject’s routine,
associates, housing and employment.

Cont…
3. Close – continuous and constant observation of the
subject is maintained regardless of whether or not he/she
becomes aware of the surveillance. This is usually
conducted to deter, hinder or prevent a target from
engaging in a clandestine or criminal activity or to protect
material individual (such as a witness in a pending
criminal case) from harm and danger. It is otherwise
known as restraint, restrictive, control, harassment, or
rough shadow.

TECHNIQUES/OPERATING
PRINCIPLES AND
CONSIDERATIONS ON THE
CONDUCT OF SURVEILLANCE

A. For Stationary Surveillance

Basic Considerations
• Determination of Surveillance Coverage as to the
activities of target premises, movements of persons
and materials, identification of occupants and visitors,
monitoring of dead drops, dispatcher of vehicular
surveillants, etc.

Cont…
• Ensure necessary preparations such as casing of the
area of operation, target premises, etc.
• Suitability of observation site/center refers to
unrestricted view of target premises and maximum
security from detection.
 readily accessible
 access not visible to target
 restricted access
 distance to the target allows easy identification of people
 comfortably
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B. For Foot Surveillance

• Operational Phase
1. Briefing – discussion on the subject’s/target’s
profile, surveillance requirements and operational
instructions.
2. Pick up –visual of the target/start of surveillance
3. Follow up – actual surveillance

Cont…
4. Call off – termination of surveillance
5. Debriefing – collation of reports, analysis and
conclusions
6. Reporting – preparation of written repot and
submission

*Types of Foot Surveillance

1. One Man
• Follow the subject but not too close. Distance that is
enough for you to see the subject but not too far to lose
the subject.
• If the subject turns, you either follow his path or cross
to the other side whichever you think is practicable in
the situation.
•

Cont…
• Make a good decision as to where the subject will be
going. In that case, the surveillant is at the advantage in
taking the right position or placement while following the
subject
• Do not wear any apparel or clothing that are obvious or
can caught the attention of the subject
• Take photographs if possible especially those contacts by
the subject.


2. Two Man (AB Surveillance)
• The first surveillant (A) should follow the subject while
the second surveillant (B) follows the first surveillant.
• Both surveillant should have a proportionate distance.
Meaning, a distance that is enough for them to see the
subject but not too far to lose the subject. They must
also have a proportionate distance which means that
they are not too far or too close to one another.

Cont…
• If the subject either cross the street or turns, allow the
second surveillant (B) to follow the subject while the
first surveillant (A) should either cross or go straight but
not on the same side where the subject go. This time,
the first surveillance should find the right place and
timing to regroup. He may stop and later follow
surveillant (B) or turn and catch them on the next corner
depending on the situation.

Cont…
• Make a good decision as to where the subject will be
going. In that case, the surveillant is at the advantage in
taking the right position or placement while following the
subject.
• Regroup if chances are possible, Meaning, have the
original placement but necessarily the same surveillant
when you starting doing the shadowing of the subject.
This means that the first surveillant (A) may now become
the second surveillant (B) or vice versa.

Cont…
• Do not wear any apparel or clothing that are obvious or
can caught the attention of the subject.
• Take photographs if possible especially those contacts by
the subject.


3. Three Man (ABC Surveillance)
• The first surveillant (A) should follow the subject while
the second surveillant (B) follows the first surveillant.
The third surveillant © is in the same way where the
subject is going but on the opposite street parallel with
surveillant (A).
• Like in one man and two man shadow, both surveillant
should have a proportionate distance.

Cont…
• If the subject either cross the street or turns, allow the
second surveillant (B) to follow the subject while the
first surveillant (A) should either cross or go straight but
not on the same side where the subject go. The third
surveillant © should observe the subject and act the role
of either surveillant A or B depending on the situation.
Whoever becomes the third surveillant should follow
the same. Later, they should find the right place and
timing to regroup.

Cont…
• Make a good decision as to where the subject will be going,
In that case, the surveillant is at the advantage in taking the
right position or placement while following the subject.
• Regroup if chances are possible but again, not necessarily
the same placement when you started doing the shadowing.
This means that the first surveillant (A) may now become the
second surveillant (B) or vice versa and surveillant (B)
becomes now the surveillant © and surveillant © becomes
now the surveillant (A) or vice versa depending on the
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Cont…
• Do not wear any apparel or clothing that are obvious or can
caught the attention of the subject.
• Take photographs if possible especially those contacts by the
subject.

C. Vehicular Surveillance
• Target – obtain information as to the driving habits of the
subject and the description of the target vehicle
• Vehicle of the surveillants
- Make and Model - Speed
- Tag and stickers - Special modifications
- Size
- Maintenance
V. TACTICAL
INTERROGATION


TACTICAL INTERROGATION
◦ Interrogation involves the process of extracting
maximum amount of usable and reliable information
by questioning and examining a source, performed
through a lawful manner, in the shortest possible
time.
◦ Usually reserved for sources who are suspect,
resistant or both.

Principles of Interrogation
1. Objective – interrogation must be conducted for a

definite purpose.
2. Initiative – the success of interrogation largely
depends on how the interrogator projects himself to
the source and how he handles the interrogation.

Cont…
3. Confirmation – obtained information shall be
verified and cross-checked with existing references
for validation.
4. Security – the interrogator, by virtue of his role,
understandably possesses a fair share of knowledge
regarding the subject matter of inquiry.

Phases of Interrogation
1. Planning & Preparation – no two interrogation are
the same. Every interrogation is shaped definitively
by the personality of the source and of the
interrogator since the interrogation is an intensely
interpersonal process.

Cont…
The ff. specifics must form part of the interrogation plan:
a. The specific purpose
b. Source Resistance
c. Interrogation setting
d. Participants
e. Timing
f. Termination

2. Approach – The interrogator is called upon to
perform two seemingly contradictory things at once:
• achieve rapport with the subject
• but remain an essentially detached observer
3. Questioning – the climax of the interrogation session
when the source is examined for the purpose of extracting
useful information believed to be in his possession.

4. Termination – marks the conclusion of the
interrogation session.
5. Reporting & Recording – it is sound practice to write
up each interrogation report on the day of questioning
or at least, before the next session so that defects can be
promptly remedied and gaps or contradictions noted.

Interrogator’s Qualification
1. Enough operational training & experience to permit quak
recognition of leads
2. Real familiarity with the language to be used
3. Extensive background knowledge about the subject’s
background
4. Genuine understanding of the subject as a person

Interrogation Approaches/Techniques
1. Subject’s Vulnerability for Exploitation
Indications
• Intonation and emphasis on speech
• Facial expression
• Manner of physical movement
• Direct statement
• Tensing and relaxing muscles

Cont…
Patterns
• Susceptibility
• Rationalize acts about which they feel guilty
• Tends to attach less importance to their own information when
someone else demonstrates possession of identical or related
information
• Tends to become talkative immediately after a harrowing
experience
• Tends to be deferential when confronted by superior authority
• Inclination to cooperation on persons demonstrating power

Interrogation Approaches/Techniques
1. Approaches & Techniques
 Nobody Loves You – here, the investigator wants to be fair.
He recognizes that some of the denouncers may have been
biased or malicious.
 We All Know/All Seeing Eye – the interrogator who already
knows part of the story explains to the subject that the
purpose of the questioning is not to gain information; the
interrogator knows everything already.

Cont…
 The Informer – Detention makes a number of tricks
possible, Less well known is the trick of planting two
informants in the cell. One of them, “A” tries now and then
pry a little information from the source; “B” remains quiet.
At the proper time, and during “A’s” absence, “B” warns the
source not to tell “A” anything because “B” suspects him of
being an informant planted by the authorities. In this case, the
subject might trust “B” a little.

Cont…
 Joint Suspects – If there are two or more subjects, they
should be separated immediately. If documents, witnesses or
other sources yield information yield information about
subject “A” (1st subject), such will be communicated to “B”
(2nd subject), in a way that B will establish in his mind that
“A” is talking.

Cont…
 Mutt and Jeff/Carrot and Stick/Joint Interrogators–
 Mutt, the relentless investigator, who is not going to
waste any time because he knows the subject, is guilty.
 Jeff, on the other hand, is obviously a kindhearted
man.

Cont…
 Futility – convince the subject that holding information is futile
 Pride and Ego – using a real or imaginary short-coming or
deficiency in the subject’s character, organization, nationality
 Emotional – play on one or more dominant emotions observed in
the subject such as fear, jealousy, greed, etc. which can be
exploited.
 Establish Your Identity – interrogator leads a subject to believe that
he has been mistakenly identified as some infamous individual. This
could make the subject reveal genuine details of his own identity
which can be developed as leads for further questions.
VI. COVER &
UNDERCOVER
OPERATIONS

UNDERCOVER OPERATION
◦ An intelligence technique which allows an officer to
conceal his true identity to adopt an assumed role to
accomplish an intelligence mission, and to obtain
access to information which would not be available
through other means.

Types of Undercover Operations

1. According to Duration
a. Long Range – penetration operation, a complex
operation of slow, expensive and easily compromised nature,
but provides accurate and continuing access to required
information
b. Short Range – vary from one time to a series of
separate but related activities over an extended period of
time.

Types of Undercover Operations

2. According to Method
a. Direct – the officer personally penetrates the target
b. Indirect – the officer use another person or an
informant to penetrate the target

Types of Undercover Assignments

1. Dwelling Assignment – involves residing in or near the
dwelling of the target to maintain constant contact with
the home of the subject
2. Work Assignment – getting employed where the
investigator can observe the activities of the subject
3. Social Assignment – places of entertainment and
amusement habitually being visited by the target

Cont…
4. Personal Contact Assignment – the investigator is required
to develop the friendship and trust of the target.
5. Multiple Assignment – the investigator is tasked to cover
two or more assignment simultaneously. Doing so can
produce extensive information with minimum expenses but
more prone to compromise.

COVER
◦ The means by which an individual, group or
organization conceals the true nature of its activities
and its existence from the observer.

Cont…
• Cover Story – the biographical portrayal of the
investigator as to what role he will depict towards
criminal syndicate while collecting vital information.
• Cover Support – person who provides support to the
investigator.

Cont…
• Aging Cover – cover by the investigator/undercover agent
practiced for considerable period of time in order to acquire a
seemingly true identity for the purpose of gaining most of his
accepted and fictitious background.
• Backstops – falsified documents and materials prepares by
an undercover to make his cover story credible.

Broad Concepts of Cover

1. Cover for Status – a cover that is general in nature and
relatively permanently adopted to explain the work
presence in any given area and general status in society of
the undercover agent who is adopting a particular cover,
suitable in a given covert operation
2. Cover for Action – designed in a driving away or
allowing the performance of a given clandestine activity.
This may be an extension of cover for status

Broad Concepts of Cover

3. Natural Cover – completely fits the true background and
capabilities of the agent, it provides maximum security
protection to any clandestine activity and allows greater
operational flexibility.
4. Living One’s Cover – must make sure that every public
action he takes fit his assumed cover, and that a total picture
presented to others accurately reflects his cover.

Cont…
5. Official Cover – sponsored by an overt agency of a
government, either national or local agenices operating at or
near the target area or person.
6. Non-official cover – adopted by the undercover agent who
is free of any official connection to public or private entities.
7. Artificial Cover – cover using biographical data adopted
by the undercover agent for a fictitious purpose.

Different Types of Cover

1. Natural Cover – using of true or actual personal
background to fit the purpose of undercover operation
2. Artificial Cover – using biographical data adopted for the
purpose that is fictitious
3. Cover with Cover – requires the use of secondary cover in
case of compromise which necessitates the admission of a
lesser crime.
4. Multiple Cover – the adoption of any cover identity, as
wished by the undercover agent.

Methods & Techniques of Collecting Information: Prepared By: Ms. Cindy A. Javier Guest Lecturer I

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METHODS & TECHNIQUES

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Psychological Process for Accurate

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- Elicitation through a simple conversation is a planned,

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Employment of Technical Means

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◦ The discreet inspection or observation of place conducted

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Conducts Prior to Casing

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Conducts During Casing

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Planning & Preparation for Surveillance

POLICE LINE DO NOT CROSS POLICE LINE DO

POLICE LINE DO NOT CROSS POLICE LINE DO

POLICE LINE DO NOT CROSS POLICE LINE DO

POLICE LINE DO NOT CROSS POLICE LINE DO

POLICE LINE DO NOT CROSS POLICE LINE DO

POLICE LINE DO NOT CROSS POLICE LINE DO

POLICE LINE DO NOT CROSS POLICE LINE DO

POLICE LINE DO NOT CROSS POLICE LINE DO

A. For Stationary Surveillance

POLICE LINE DO NOT CROSS POLICE LINE DO

POLICE LINE DO NOT CROSS POLICE LINE DO

B. For Foot Surveillance

POLICE LINE DO NOT CROSS POLICE LINE DO

POLICE LINE DO NOT CROSS POLICE LINE DO

*Types of Foot Surveillance

POLICE LINE DO NOT CROSS POLICE LINE DO

POLICE LINE DO NOT CROSS POLICE LINE DO