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V f +V m = 1
vf + vm = vc
wf wm
Wf= , and W m=
wc wc
W f +W m = 1
w f + wm = wc
wc = c vc ,
w f = f vf ,
wm = ρm vm , and
wc w f wm
f
Wf= V f , and
c
m
Wm= Vm
c
f
m
Wf= Vf
f
V f +V m
m
1
Wm= Vm
f
(1 - V m) + V m
m
c vc = f vf + m v m
vf v
c = f + m m
vc vc
c = f V f + mV m
1 Wf Wm
= +
c f m
Example 3.1
a) density of lamina
c = (2500)(0.7 ) + (1200)(0.3)
= 2110 kg/ m3
f = 2500 kg/ m3 .
Example 3.1
b)
2500 1200
Wf = 0.3 Wm= 0.3
2110 , and 2110
= 0.8294 = 0.1706
W f + W m = 0.8294 + 0.1706
= 1.000
Example 3.1
c) wc
νc
c
4
2110
1.896 10 3 m 3
Example 3.1
d)
f V f c
0.7(1.896 10 3 )
1.327 10 3 m 3
Example 3.1
m Vm c
d)
0.3(0.1896 10 -3 )
0.5688 10 -3 m 3
Example 3.1
d)
wf f ν f
(2500)(1.327 103 )
3.318 kg
Example 3.1
d)
wm m ν m
3
(1200)(0.5688 10 )
0.6826 kg
FIGURE 3.2 Photomicrographs of cross-section of a lamina with voids.
νv
V v=
νc
νc = νf + ν m + ν v
wc wc
νc = , and νf + ν m =
ce ct
wc wc
= + ν , then
ce ct
wc ct - ce
νν =
ce ct
νν
Vν =
νc
ct - ce
=
ct
Example 3.2
ν 1 M f M c - M f
V = =1- +
abc abc f m
Alternative Solution
ct = f V 'f + m (1 - V f )
volume of fibers
V f =
volume of fibers + volume of matrix
Mf
f
V =f
Mf Mc-M f
+
f m
Alternative Solution
volume of fibers
V f =
volume of fibers + volume of matrix
Mf
f
V =f
Mf Mc-M f
+
f m
M
ce = c
abc
Alternative Solution
1 M f M c - M f
Vv=1- +
abc f m
Alternative Solution
wc
c = w
wc - wi
Alternative Solution
wc
c = w
wc + ws - ww