Treatment Technologies

Presented by
Mr. Praveen Nagaraj
CDD Society, Bengaluru

Date: 18/01/2017
Place: Bhagalpur, Bihar

Under Sanitation Capacity Platform (SCBP)

Sanitation Capacity Building Platform

What is it?
Collaborative effort by NIUA for Mainstreaming Fecal Sludge Management
at the state level and national sanitation agenda. Working with Expert
Partner organsiations for FSM solutions, upscaling of capacity building
and national level advoacy with the NFSSM group.

We can
We have help you!
sanitation
challenges!

ULB
WASH
i

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 What is the current practise of FS
Disposal?

• Disposed in farm land

• Disposed in river or water bodies
• Disposed in Solid waste landfill sites??
 Farm Lands

• Heavy concentration of nutrients – affect

plant growth
• High risk of Faecal oral contamination for
communities living near farmlands
• Transmission through surface runoff or
rodents
• No single point source for disposal –
Regulatory difficulties
 Water bodies

• High Risk hazard – Faecal oral

contamination
• Out break of diseases across population
• Eutrophication of water bodies – Impact
of flora and fauna and usage of water
• Frothing of water bodies – unpleasant
smell and visual
 Treatment

What can treatment do?

• Reduce Smell and visually

displeasing outputs
• Stabilising the sludge to reduce
health and environmental risks
• Dedicated place for disposal – easy
to regulate
• Revenue generating end products
 Factors
Quality: Type of
containment Quantity estimation

Raw material Frequency

Technology

O&M End Product

requirement
pathogen
Skill Active/Passive stabilization
Technology Options
Treatment – Objectives

Selection of treatment options based on

achievement of following objectives
Priorit
y
Highest

Pathogen Removal

Organic
Load
Reduction

Reuse Lowest
Treatment – Approach

1
Separation of solids

2
Sludge stabilization

3 Dewatering / Drying

Sludge percolate treatment

4

5 Disinfection

6 Safe disposal / Reuse

 Possible Treatment Options

Source: Fecal sludge management systems approach for implementation and Operation, IWA Publications, 2014

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Solid Liquid Separation and Dewatering

Settling Tanks and

Sedimentation Ponds

Sludge Drying Beds

Planted Sludge Drying Beds

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Settling Tanks and Sedimentation Ponds

• Settling tanks provide a liquid

retention time of a few hours (to
ensure settling of Settleable solids)
• Sedimentation ponds provide a
liquid retention of few days or
several weeks
• designed on
• Desired depth and
• Quantity of accumulating solids
• The accumulating solids have to be
removed and treated further

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Sludge Drying Beds

• It is a shallow filter tank filled with graded

gravel mainly used for dewatering of stabilized
sludge
• Graded filter media of different diameter used
for the depth of 50-60cm depth with the top
layer as sand
• Approximately 50-80% of the liquid drains of as
filtrate and 20-50% due to evaporation
• The depth of sludge applied per loading is not
more than 30cm
• Sludge drying period range of 10-20 days
depending on the temperature

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Planted Sludge Drying Beds

FS is loaded with layers of sludge that are

subsequently dewatered and stabilized through
multiple physical and biological mechanisms

• The beds consist of gravel/sand/soil filter

planted with plants such as reeds, cattails,
bulrushes
• Liquid fraction flows vertically downwards
through media and is collected at bottom and
treated separately
• Sludge retention time is 2-3 years depending
on sludge loading rate TS

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Stabilization/Treatment

Co-treatment with Wastewater

Co – Composting with Municipal Solid

waste

Anaerobic Digestion: Biogas digester

LaDePa pelletizer

Mechanical Treatment Options

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Co-treatment with Wastewater

Septage
addition at the Septage
nearest sewer addition to
manhole, Septage Sludge
upstream of addition at STP Digesters /
STP Sludge Drying
Beds

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Co – Composting with Municipal solid waste

• Co-composting is a mixture of organic solid

waste and faecal sludge with pre-defined
moisture content (40-60%) at specified
condition

• Human waste is rich with Nitrogen and

moisture content; solid waste has high
organic carbon content

• Co – composting of Faecal Sludge and

organic solid waste range from 1: 2 – 1:10
depending on the Faecal Sludge
characteristics and its water content

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Anaerobic Digestion

• This process ensure effective sludge digestion

and stabilization
• During digestion:
1. Organic matter is converted to biogas
2. The stabilized sludge (digestate) utilized as
soil conditioner
• The SRT is maintained for 10-15 days
• Removal of accumulated solids from the
digester remain a challenge

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Mechanical Treatment Options

• The technologies used to treat wastewater sludges are also applicable for Faecal
Sludge namely:
1. Belt Filter Press
2. Screw Press
3. Centrifuge
• Advantages of mechanical treatment options include compactness and speed of the
process
• Limitations of mechanical treatment options include high investment costs, O&M and
electricity requirements

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Mechanical Treatment Options

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LaDePa pelletizer

Modifying a commercially
available pyrolysis unit and
adding dewatering and water
treatment units.

Pyrolysis is a process which

decomposes matter using
heat in the absence of
oxygen.

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LaDePa Pelletizer

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 LaDePa

Lets visit South Africa to see how they have

mechanised faecal sludge treatment

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDVelA
K9j6U
Geo-tube bags

• Geo bags are porous tubular containers

fabricated with high strength woven geo-
textiles (polyethylene material) mainly used
for dewatering sludge .

• Bags will help to achieve the capture of 98%

of solids from the sludge

• Polymer will added to increase the solid

settling

• Filtrates from the container should be

collected and treated properly before
discharge

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Anaerobic based approach for Faecal sludge treatment

Screen Chamber Settling Tank

Sand and grit Separation - free

removal water

Faecal Sludge/Septage
Solids

Liquid Treatment
Effluent is
discharged into Disposal Anaerobic digester
Liquid
agricultural fields,
DEWATS
drain or water body
Stabilization

Liquid-solid
1. Regular operator is required. O&M is simple separation
2. Capital cost is high and recurrent cost is minimal
3. Large area requirement (UG+OG)
4. Suitable for large quantity (20cum)
5. Good treatment efficiency Solids
6. Regular feeding is not a issue
End product Disposal Co-composting
is compost.
Can be used Unplanted drying bed
Disinfection
as soil
conditioner Dewatering
Enriching fertilizer value

Cost- INR: 25,000-40,000/cum

Mineralization based approach for Faecal sludge
treatment
Screen Chamber
Planted Drying beds
Sand and grit removal
Stabilization

Dewatering

Disinfection
Faecal Sludge/Septage

Solids
Liquid Treatment
Effluent is Dispos
discharged into DEWATS
al Co-composting
agricultural fields,
drain or water
Disinfection
body

1. Commonly practiced technique due to simplicity Dispos

2. Moderate capital cost, Low recurring cost al
3. Large area requirement
4. Good treatment efficiency End product is compost.
5. Location of the treatment system may be an issue – odor, Can be used as soil
flies conditioner
6. Operation and mainatainace may be an issue – acceptance
7. Regular feeding may be an issue Cost- INR: 40,000-60,000/cum

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Criteria: Selection of Technology

• Quality and Quantity of FS

• Land Availability / Location
• O&M Availability
• CAPEX / OPEX
• End use requirement / Business model
• Short term vs Long term
• Climatic conditions

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END USE
 Key considerations

• People’s needs and preferences (socio-cultural);

• Local materials, products and skills;
• Economic viability;
• Additional barriers;
• Regulatory aspects

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 End Use Methodologies

END - USE DESCRIPTION

Methodology
Treated faecal sludge and urine can be applied to soil to
Soil Conditioner and
improve plant growth by a) increasing nutrients b)
Fertilizer in
improving the physical structure of the soil.
Agriculture

Faecal sludge is mixed with organic waste to produce biogas

Biogas and digestate. Biogas is used as energy source for lighting
and boiling
Dried faecal sludge can replace other fuels such as wood
Solid Fuel and charcoal, which are more expensive and damaging to
the local environment
Protein for animal Animals such as larvae feed on faecal sludge and provide a
feed protein source for farm animals and fish
Faecal sludge is fed to aquatic organisms such as fish and
Aquaculture aquatic plants. These aquatic organisms can then be eaten
directly used as animal feed or used as fertilizers
Thank You

CDD Society
www.niua.org
Survey No.205 (Opp. Beedi Workers Colony)
National Institute of Urban Affairs Kommaghatta Road, Bandemath Kengeri
Core 4B, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road
New Delhi 110003 Satellite Town
Bangalore 560 060, India
011-24617517, 24643284
Tel/Fax: +91-(0) 80 – 28486700
bangalore@cddindia.org
agupta@niua.org, jdash@niua.org