Batch Distillation

PHARMACEUTICAL API PROCESS DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN

SUBMITTED BY-

Name- Shreya Hazra Name- Kusal Debnath

Univ. Roll No.- 10300417009 Univ. Roll No.- 10300417026
subject- Transfer Operation 2 subject- Transfer Operation 2
Subject code- CHE 515 Subject code- CHE 515
Session- 2019-2020 Session- 2019-2020
 Distillation
 Used for separating a mixture of two or more liquids
 Takes advantage of the differences in volatilities (vapor pressure)
 For a binary mixture,

0
Pi
 ij  0
Pj
αij – relative volatility,
Pi0 – vapor pressure of pure liquid i
 Homogeneous Azeotropes

yP  x P
1 1 1 1
S

 For non-ideal mixtures, the activity yP  x P

2 2 2 2
S

coefficients are different from unity:

P  x  P  (1  x )  P
s s

If   1 the mixture has a minimum-boiling azeotrope

i
1 1 1 1 2 2

Phase diagrams for

Isopropyl ether – Isopropyl
Alcohol
 Heterogeneous Azeotropes

 For a minimum-boiling azeotrope with large deviation from Raoult’s law (   1 ), phase splitting may occur
i

and a minimum-boiling heterogeneous azeotrope forms, having a vapor phase in equilibrium with two liquid
phases.

Homogeneous Azeotrope Heterogeneous Azeotrope

 Vapor

Rayleigh Distillation

 L'  i dxi
x

ln  '   
 L0  xio yi  xi
Liquid Charge
Heat

 For binary mixture when ij is constant

L’, xi – remaining liquid and mole y i / xi
fraction at any subsequent time  ij 
yj / xj
L’0, xi0 – initial liquid amount and mole
 ij .xi
fraction
yi 
1  ( ij  1). xi
 L'  1  xi (1  xi 0 )   1  xi 0 
ln  '   ln    ln  
 L0   ij  1  xi 0 (1  xi )   1  xi 
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