Optical Networks and System

Performance
Dr.B.Perumal
Associate Professor/ECE
Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education
(Deemed to be University)
Krishnankoil

04-09-2018 ECE/KARE 1
SONET (Synchronous Optical N/W) is the TDM optical network standard for North
America o SONET is called Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) in the rest of the
world
SONET is the basic phycal layer standard o Other data types such as ATM and IP can be
transmitted over SONET.
OC-1 consists of 810 bytes over 125 us;
OC-n consists of 810n bytes over 125 us
Linear multiplexing and de-multiplexing is possible with Add-DropMultiplexers
The SONET/SDH standards enable the interconnection of fiber optic transmission
equipment from various vendors through multiple-owner trunk networks.
The basic transmission bit rate of the basic SONET signal is o In SDH the basic rate is
155.52 Mb/s.
Common values of OC-N and STM-N:
OC stands for optical carrier. It has become common to refer to SONET links as OC-N
links.
The basic SDH rate is 155.52 Mb/s and is called the synchronous transport Module—
level 1 (STM 1).
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 SONET/SDH

STS-1 SONET frame

with 51.84 Mb/s

(90 bytes/row)(9 rows/frame)(8 bits/byte)

(125 microsecond/frame)=51.84 Mb/s

STS-N SONET frame

with 51.84N Mb/s
N=1,3,12,24,48,192

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 SONET/SDH

SONET level Electrical level Line rate (Mb/s) SDH equivalent

OC-1 STS-1 51.84 -

OC-3 STS-3 155.52 STM-1

OC-12 STS-12 622.08 STM-4

OC-24 STS-24 1244.16 STM-8

OC-48 STS-48 2488.32 STM-16

OC-96 STS-96 4976.64 STM-32

OC-12 STS-192 9953.28 STM-64

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 SONET ADM is a fully synchronous, byte oriented device, that can be used add/drop OC
sub-channels within an OC-N signal Ex: OC-3 and OC-12 signals can be individually
added/dropped from an OC-48 carrier

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 SONET/SDH Networks

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 SONET/SDH Ring
2-Fiber UPSR (Unidirectional Path Switched Ring)

Generic two-fiber unidirectional network

with counter-rotating protection path.

Flow of primary and protection traffic

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 Fiber UPSR Basics:
• Rx compares the signals received via the primary and
protection paths and picks the best one
• Constant protection and automatic switching

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 BLSR Recovery from Failure Modes:
• If a primary-ring device fails in either node 3 or 4, the affected nodes detect a loss-of-signal condition
and switch both primary fibers connecting these nodes to the secondary protection pair
• If an entire node fails or both the primary and protection fibers in a given span are severed, the
adjacent nodes switch the primary-path connections to the protection fibers, in order to loop traffic back
to the previous node.

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 In case of failure, the secondary fibers between only the affected nodes (3 & 4) are used, the
other links remain unaffected BLSR Node-Fault Reconfiguration:

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 WDM Network

This is an optical network that consists of

OXCs interconnected by WDM fibers, with
each fiber consisting of W wavelengths It
switches optically all the incoming
wavelengths of the input fibers to the
outgoing wavelengths of the output fibers.
For instance, it can switch the optical signal
on incoming wavelength λi of input fiber k
to the outgoing wavelength λi of output
fiber m. It switches optically all the
incoming wavelengths of the input fibers to
the outgoing wavelengths of the output
fibers.

Dense WDM deployment of n wavelengths in an OC-192 trunk ring

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Fig. 8-1: Simple point-to-point link
Fig. 8-2: Optical power-loss model
The data rate of 20Mb/S and bit error rate of 10^-9.

Fig. 8-4: Example link-loss budget

• Design as optical fiber link for transmitting 15 Mb/sec of
data for a distance of 4 km with BER of 10-9 .
Solution: Bandwidth x Length = 15 Mb/sec x 4 km = (60
Mb/sec) km
Selecting optical source: LED at 820 nm is suitable for short
distances.
The LED generates – 10 dBm optical power.
Selecting optical detector: PIN-FER optical detector is
reliable and has – 50 dBm sensitivity.
Selection optical fiber: Step-index multimode fiber is
selected.
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The fiber has bandwidth
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length product of 100 23
(Mb/s) km.
 The Fig. shows the typical optical power which LEDs and and Lasers can deliver and
the photo-detector needs for a BER of 10 9 .

Note: As the data rate increases the power delivering capacity of the
source reduces and at the same time the power requirement of the
detector increases.

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 The following table gives the combination of the sources and fibers for different link
capacity and distance

Considering the cost, speed etc, first choose the laser and the detector. Also the type
of fiber is chosen from the above table. Generally a multi-core fiber is laid even if the
immediate requirement is only one or two fibers.

The link design then reduces to finding locations of the repeater on a long link.

Two calculations are carried out in the link design

1. Power budget calculation (SNR related)

he vertical columns signify transmission distances and the
horizontal rows signify data rates [SLED: Surface LED; 2. Rise Time budget calculation (Distortion related)
LD: Laser Diode; MM: Multimode Fiber; GI: Graded Index
Fiber]

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• The optical link design essentially is putting the various optical
components which we discussed earlier, so that information can
be transmitted satisfactorily. The satisfactoriness of the
transmission can be defined in terms of some characteristic
parameters.
• The user generally specifies the distance over which the
information is to be sent and the data rate to be transmitted. The
Designer then has to find the specification of the system
components.
• The designer generally has to define some additional criteria
either as per the standards or as per the user specifications.

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 The Design criteria are given in the following.
• Primary Design Criteria
•Data Rate
•Link length
• Additional Design Parameters
•Modulation format eg Analog/digital
–Depends upon the type of signals user want to transmit. For example if it is a TV signal, then may be analog
transmission is more suited as it requires less bandwidth and better linearity. On the other hand if data or sampled
voice is to be transmitted, digital format may be more appropriate.
–The digital signals have to be further coded to suite the transmission medium and also for error correction.

•System fidelity: BER, SNR

–The system fidelity defines the correctness of the data received at the receiver.
–For digital transmission it is measured by the Bit Error Ratio (BER) . The BER is defined as

Number of bits in error

BER =
Total Number of bits transmitted

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 Two calculations are carried out in the link design

Power budget calculation (SNR related)

Rise Time budget calculation (Distortion related)

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• The fiber loss depends upon the wavelength and also the physical conditions of the fiber. The fiber
loss is generally higher than that the specified by the manufacturers. This is primarily due to micro-
bending of the fiber. Also the micro-bending loss is higher for 1550nm compared to 1310nm.
Therefore the over all loss could be higher at 1550nm than at 1310nm, although intrinsically silica
glass has minimum loss at 1550nm. Typical loss ate 1550nm may lie in the range 0.4-0.5 dB/km.
•
• The splice loss could be between 0.05-0.1 dB per splice.
•
• The connector loss is higher and could be 0.2-0.3 dB per connector.

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P=s Power from the Transmitter in dBm
Pr

Power Budget Calculations

= Sensitivity of receiver in dBm for given BER
Maximum permissible loss

 max  Ps  Pr

 max   fiber   conn   splice   syst

  fiber   max  ( conn   splice   syst )
Power Limited Link Length
 fiber
LP max 
Loss / Km
Beyond this distance the SNR is below the acceptable limit
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• Link Power Budget: For optimum link power budget an
optical power loss model is to be studied as shown in Fig.
6.2.3. Let lc denotes the losses occur at connector. Lsp
denotes the losses occur at splices. αf denotes the losses
occur in fiber. All the losses from source to detector
comprise the total loss (PT) in the system. Link power
margin considers the losses due to component aging and
temperature fluctuations. Usually a link margin of 6-8 dB
is considered while estimating link power budget. Total
optical loss = Connector loss + (Splicing loss + Fiber
attenuation) + System margin (Pm) PT = 2lc + αfL +
System margin (Pm) Where,
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L is transmission distance. 31
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• System margin is generally taken to be 6 dB to accommodate
deterioration of components over time.

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 Rise Time Budget Calculation
Rise time analysis gives effective bandwidth of the link

 
1/ 2
t sys   D L 
2 2 2 2 2
tt x tr x

For satisfactory operation of the link

t sys  0.7Tb

Rise time limited link length

1
(0.7T )
1/ 2
LRT max  ) ( 
2 2 2
b tt x tr x
D 
Beyond this distance the signal distortion is unacceptable

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 Rise time of a system or component = 1/bandwidth

Here,
t sys = Total system rise time.
tt x = Transmitter rise time
t r x = Receiver rise time. Generally tr x tt x .
D = Dispersion of the fiber
  = Spectral width of the transmitter
L = Length
Tb = Data bit duration  1
Data Rate

Note: For RZ data the system rise time t sys should be  0.35 Tb .

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 In the link design two lengths, the power budget length LP max and the rise time
budget length LRT max are calculated.

The repeater has to be installed at a distance min( LP max , LRT max ) .

Generally, the links are power limited and the repeaters are installed at LP max .
Typical repeater length is about 50-60 km in practice. Following example clearly
demonstrates this.

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 Let us take typical parameters for a link.
Data rate = 1 GHz.
DFB Laser spectral width = 0.1nm
SM fiber dispersion at 1550nm = -20 ps/km/nm = -0.02 ns/km/nm
Rise time of the receiver = 0.1 nsec
Rise time of the transmitter = 0.1nsec
Fiber loss = 0.4dB/km
Transmitter power -3 dBm
Min Detectable power -40 dBm
Neglect splice and connector losses.

 Tb  1/1GHz  1 n sec

1
(0.7Tb )  (tt2x  tr2 x )
1/ 2
LRT max  2

D 
1
(0.7 1) 2  ((0.1) 2  (0.1) 2 )
1/ 2
  178 km
0.02  0.1

 max  Ps  Pr  3  (40)  37dB

 fiber   max  ( conn   splice   syst )  37  (0  0  6)  31dB

 fiber 31
LP max    77.5km
Loss / Km 0.4

Since LP max  LRT max , the link is power limited and the repeater has to be installed
04-09-2018 at a distance of less than 77.5Km. ECE/KARE 37