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Homologous pair
of chromosomes
Recessive
Dominant
color
color
Example: Straight thumb is dominant to hitchhiker thumb
T = straight thumb t = hitchhikers thumb
Straight thumb = TT
Straight thumb = Tt
Hitchhikers thumb = tt * Must have 2 recessive alleles
for a recessive trait to “show”
• Both genes of a pair are the same –
homozygous or purebred
TT – homozygous dominant
tt – homozygous recessive
BB – Black
Bb – Black w/ bb – White
white gene
Genotype and Phenotype
• Combination of genes an organism has (actual gene
makeup) – genotype
Ex: TT, Tt, tt
• Physical appearance resulting from gene make-up –
phenotype
Ex: hitchhiker’s thumb or straight thumb
Part 1 summary questions
• 1. Who is the father of genetics?
• 2. What is the principle of independent assortment?
• 3. What is the difference between a gene and an
allele?
• 4. How do we have two copies of each gene?
• 5. How are traits determined?
• 6. Is having brown hair a phenotype or genotype?
• 7. Can you tell someone’s genotype just by looking at
them?
Part 1 summary questions
1. Who is the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel
2. What is the principle of independent assortment?
Genes assort independently form eachother
3. What is the difference between a gene and an allele?
An allele is one of two copies of a gene
4. How do we have two copies of each gene?
We get one from our mother and one from our father
5. How are traits determined?
By the alleles
6. Is having brown hair a phenotype or genotype?
phenotype
7. Can you tell someone’s genotype just by looking at them?
Only if the trait is recessive
Punnett Square and Probability
• Used to predict the possible gene makeup of offspring – Punnett
Square
• There are 6 steps to solve Punnett square problems.
1. Assign letters to your alleles using the dominant trait
ex. If Tall is Dominant, Use T for Tall and t for short
2. Set up the parent’s genotypes
ex. TT x tt
3. Do the Punnett square cross
4. Determine the Genotype percentages
______% Homozygous Dominant
______ % Heterozygous
______ % Homozygous recessive
5. Determine the Phenotype percentages
______% Tall
______ % Tall
______ % short
6. Answer the genetics problem
Punnett Square and Probability
• Example: Black fur (B) is dominant to white fur (b) in mice
1. Cross a heterozygous male with a homozygous recessive female.
b Bb bb
Genotypic ratio = 1 BB : 2 Bb : 1 bb
25% BB : 50% Bb : 25% bb
Bb X Bb
Man = Bb
B b
Woman = Bb
B BB Bb
b Bb bb
Diploid and Haploid
• Diploid- 2 copies of the chromosomes – 46
All body cells are diploid except sperm and eggs
• What is the probability of a couple having a boy? Or a girl?
X X
X XX XX
Y XY XY
W RW WW
Genotypic = 1 RR : 2 RW : 1 WW
Phenotypic = 1 red : 2 pink : 1 white
• When both alleles are expressed – Codominance
Example: In certain chickens black feathers are
codominant with white feathers.
Heterozygous chickens have black and white speckled
feathers.
Sex – linked Traits
• Genes for these traits are
located only on the X
chromosome (NOT on the Y
chromosome)
• X linked alleles always show
up in males whether
dominant or recessive
because males have only
one X chromosome
• Examples of recessive sex-linked disorders:
1. colorblindness – inability to distinguish between
certain colors
Color blindness is the inability to distinguish the differences between certain colors. The most
common type is red-green color blindness, where red and green are seen as the same color.
2. hemophilia – blood won’t clot
What is the I
Ee Ee 2
1
relationship b/t
II
individual I-1 1 2 3 4 5 6
IV
1 2 3 4 5
a. father–son b. mother-niece
c. mother-son d. uncle-nephew
e. grandfather-grandson
The genotype I
Ee Ee 2
1
of individual
II
II-2 is 1 2 3 4 5 6
_________. III
1 2 3 4 5
IV
1 2 3 4 5
a. EE b. Ee c. ee d.EEee
The chance I
Ee Ee 2
1
that individual
II
IV-4 is a EE
1 2 3 4 5
EE
6
IV
1 2 3 4 5
_____. IV
1 2 3 4 5
AB X OO
A B
O AO BO
O AO BO