CHEMISTRY

Study of matter – its composition,

structure and properties – and
changes it goes.
THALES OF
MILETUS
(water)
HERACLITUS
(fire)
EMPEDOCLES
(earth, air, water and fire)
LEUCIPPUS &DEMOCRITUS
Atomos – “uncutable”

• All matter is made up of atoms that are too tiny to be

seen by the naked eyes. They cannot be broken down
further into smaller proportions. All forms of matter
result from the coming together or breaking apart of
atoms.
• Atoms are completely solid
• Atoms are uniform, with no internal structure.
• Atoms come in different shapes and sizes.
STATES/PHASES OF
MATTER
STATES OF MATTER
SOLIDS

•Particles of solids are

tightly packed, vibrating
about a fixed position.

•Solids have a definite

shape and a definite
volume.
Heat
STATES OF MATTER
LIQUID
 Particles of liquids are
tightly packed, but are
far enough apart to
slide over one another.

 Liquids have an
indefinite shape and a
definite volume.

Heat
STATES OF MATTER
GAS
 Particles of gases
are very far apart
and move freely.

 Gases have an
indefinite shape
and an indefinite
volume.
Heat
 PHASE CHANGES
Description of Term for Phase Heat Movement During
Phase Change Change Phase Change
Vaporization,
Liquid to which includes Heat goes into the
gas boiling and liquid as it vaporizes.
evaporation
Heat leaves the gas
Gas to liquid Condensation
as it condenses.
Heat goes into the
Solid to gas Sublimation solid as it sublimates.
Heat leaves the gas
as it undergoes
Gas to solid Deposition
deposition
STATES OF MATTER
PLASMA
 A plasma is an
ionized gas.
 A plasma is a very
good conductor of
electricity and is
affected by
magnetic fields.
 Plasmas, like gases
have an indefinite • Plasma is the
shape and an common state
indefinite volume.
of matter
STATES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

Tightly packed, in a Close together with Well separated with Has no definite
regular pattern no regular no regular volume or shape
Vibrate, but do not arrangement. arrangement. and is composed of
move from place to Vibrate, move Vibrate and move electrical charged
place about, and slide freely at high particles
past each other speeds
FUNDAMENTAL LAWS
OF CHEMISTRY
Law of Conservation of Mass ( Antoine Laurent Lavoisier)
Law of Definite Composition (Joseph Louis Proust)
Law of Multiple Proportions (John Dalton)
 LAW OF CONVERSATION OF MASS
Sates that in a chemical reaction, the mass of
the substances produced is equal to the mass
of the substances reacted.
If heating 10.0 grams of calcium carbonate
(CaCO3) produces 4.4 g of carbon dioxide (CO2)
and 5.6 g of calcium oxide (CaO).
 LAW OF DEFINITE COMPOSITION
Sates that any sample of given compound will
always be composed of the same elements in
the same proportion by mass.

A 100 gram water sample contains 89% oxygen

and 11% of hydrogen by mass.

CO2 N20 NaF

 LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTION

states that whenever the same two elements form

more than one compound, the different masses of
one element that combine with the same mass of
the other element are in the ratio of small whole
numbers.

NO and NO2 CH4 and C2H4

 DALTON’S ATOMIC
THEORY
• Matter is made up of extremely small indivisible particles
called atoms
• Atoms of the same element are identical and different from
those of other elements.
• Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements
combine in certain whole-number ratios.
• Atoms rearranged only during a chemical reaction to form new
compound. No atoms are created or destroyed.
 INSIDE
THE ATOM
Electron
Neutron
Nucleons
Proton
ELECTRONS (e ) _

Negatively Charge
Joseph John Thomson
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Plum Pudding Model
Plum Pudding Model
PROTONS (p)
Positively Charge
Ernest Rutherford
Gold Foil Experiment
Nuclear Model of an Atom
NEUTRONS (n)
No Charge
James Chadwick
Nuclear Model
Bohr’s Model of an Atom
 MASS # (A)
ATOMIC # (Z)
Z = Number of protons = number of electrons
A = number of protons + number of neutrons
Neutrons = A – Z
 Z = Number of protons = number of electrons
A = number of protons + number of neutrons
Neutrons = A – Z

Z A

H He
1

1 2
 try me!
Z A p n e–
 ISOTOPES
Atoms of the same element have different of
neutrons. This means that they have different mass
numbers but the same atomic number.
Hydrogen – 1 Hydrogen – 2 Hydrogen – 3
Bismuth – 213 is used in radiation therapy to treat
leukemia, while Strontium – 89 is utilize to treat bone
metastasis. Write the isotopic symbols of the two atoms.
How many protons and neutrons does each atom have?
 NAMING
COMPOUNDS
Binary Compounds
those which contain a metal and non metal.
Binary Covalent Compounds
those that contain two non metal.
COMMON MONATOMIC CATIONS AND ANIONS
 TYPE I:
BINARY IONIC COMPOUND
Containing a metal that always forms the same
cation which means the name of the metals is
sufficient.
Rules for naming type-1 binary ionic compounds:

1. The cation is always name first and the anion

second.
2. A Monatomic (one-atom) cation takes its name from
of the element. For example Na+ called sodium in the
names of compounds containing this ion.
3. A monatomic anion is named by taking the root word
of the element name and adding –ide. Thus the Cl–
ion is called Chloride.
EXAMPLES
 try me!

Name each type-I binary

compounds.
CsF
AlCl3
LiH
 TYPE II:
BINARY IONIC COMPOUND
Containing a metal that can form more than one
cation (transition metals) with non metals.
Rules for naming Type II binary compounds
1. The cation is always named first and the anion second.
2. The metals that has multiple charge must Include a
Roman numeral to indicate the specific charge on the
cation used in the compound.
3. A simple anion (obtained from a single atom) is named
by taking the first part of the element name (the root)
and adding the letters “IDE.”
4. Write the name for the compound by combining the
names of the ions.
 EXAMPLES
FeCl3 Iron (III) Chloride
Fe2O3 Iron (III) Oxide
HgO Iron (II) Oxide
PbCl2 Lead (II) Chloride
MnO2 Manganese (IV) Oxide
CuCl Copper Chloride
AgF Silver Fluoride
ZnS Zinc Sulfide
 try me!
Name each type-II binary
compounds.
CoBr2
CrCl3
AuN
Y 2S 3
TYPE III:
BINARY COVALENT
IONIC COMPOUND
Those that contain two nonmetals.
Rules for naming Type III binary compounds: PREFIXES
1. mono
1. The first element in the formula is 2. di
named first, and the full element 3. tri
name is used. 4. tetra
2. The second element is named as 5. penta
though it were an anion: root + ide 6. hexa
7. hepta
3. Prefixes are used to denote the
8. octa
numbers of atoms present.
9. nona
4. The prefix mono- is never used for 10.deca
naming the first element.
 EXAMPLES
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide
N2O Dinitrogen Monoxide
CCl4 Carbon Tetrachloride
N2O5 Dinitrogen pentaoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
 try me!
Name each type-III binary
compounds.
N2 O4
PCl5
SO3
P4O10
 NAMING
IONIC COMPOUNDS
WITH POLYATOMIC IONS
COMMON POLY ATOMIC IONS
 EXAMPLES
NH4NO3 Ammonium nitrate
KH2PO4 Potassium dihydrogen phospahte
Mn(OH)2 Manganese(II) hydroxide
Na2SeO4 Sodium selenite
Fe(NO3)3 Iron (III) nitrate
 try me!
Name ionic compound with
polyatomic ions.
CoPO4
NaOCL
NA2SO4