DEPT.

OF ORTHODONTICS
AND
DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS
SRI AUROBINDO COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
AND P.G. INSTITUTE
SEMINAR 3
Muscles of mastication

BY:CHAITREE DE
PG 1ST YEAR
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 CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Embryology
3. Evolution
4. Anatomy
5. Mastication
6. Role in orthodontics
7. Conclusion
8. Reference

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 INTRODUCTION

The muscles of mastication move the mandible during

mastication and various non-masticatory functions of
the mandible like degluttition and speech.

They are :
1. Masseter
2. Temporalis
3. Medial pterygoid
4. Lateral pterygoid

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4
 EMBRYOLOGY

• Somatomeres, present in the mesoderm of mandibular

arch / (1st branchial arch), are the progenitor cells for
these muscles.

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• Differentiation of the cells begin by 7th week of I.U.
life.

• Typical structure of a muscle can be seen by 22nd

week of I.U. life.

• The developing muscle fibres receive nerve supply by

8th week of I.U. life , but normal functioning does not
start until about 7th month I.U.

• The developing muscles are initially independent of

attachment to skeletal elements.
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• Muscles of mastication first develop in relation to
Meckel’s cartilage and later gain attachment to the
mandible.

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• Muscles grow by division of fibres during early fetal
life till 4 months I.U. , after which growth is via
hypertrophy of the muscle fibres.

• There is a correlation between growth of muscle ,

developing dentition (giving rise to nerve signals) and
strength of mandible.

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 EVOLUTION

• Muscles of mastication arose as an extension of

bodies musculature.

• Were used for spasmodic contraction and expansion

of the branchial apparatus.

• With a change to predatory feeding habit , one pair of

gill arches and associated muscles became enlarged to
form jaw muscles.

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• The teeth are the fundamental unit in determining the
type of joint and musculature.

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 ANATOMY

Classification
PRIMARY MUSCLES OF ACCESSORY MUSCLES OF
MASTICATION MASTICATION

MASSETER MYLOHYOID

TEMPORALIS STYLOHYOID

MEDIAL PTERYGOID GENIOHYOID

LATERAL PTERYGOID DIGASTRIC

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Classification on the basis of function :-

ELEVATORS OF MANDIBLE DEPRESSORS OF MANDIBLE

MASSETER LOWER HEAD OF LATERAL

PTERYGOID

TEMPORALIS ANTERIOR DIGASTRIC

MEDIAL PTERYGOID GENIOHYOID

UPPER HEAD OF LATERAL MYLOHYOID

PTERYGOID

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MASSETER :-

• Quadrilateral shaped
muscle.

• Strongest masticatory
muscle.

• Covers lateral surface of

ramus of mandible.

• Muscle has 3 layers:

1. Superficial
2. Middle
3. deep
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ORIGIN:

• Superficial layer
From anterior 2/3 of lower
border of zygomatic arch and
adjoining zygomatic process
of maxilla.

• Middle layer
From anterior 2/3 of deep
surface and posterior 1/3 of
lower border of zygomatic
arch.
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• Deep layer
from deep surface of
zygomatic arch.

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• The superficial fibres pass
downwards and backwards at
45 degrees.

• Middle and deep fibres pass

vertically downwards.

• Three layers are separated

posteroinferiorly by an artery
and a nerve.

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INSERTION:

• Superficial layer
Into lower part of lateral
surface of ramus of mandible.

• Middle layer
Into middle part of ramus.

• Deep layer
Into upper part of ramus and
coronoid process of the
mandible.
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• The muscle is supplied by
the masseteric branch of
anterior division of
mandibular nerve.

• Blood is supplied by
masseteric artery branch of
maxillary artery.

• Venous drainage by
masseteric vein.

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• Elevates mandible to close
mouth to bite.

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RELATIONS:
Laterally: superficial fascia,
duct of parotid gland and
superficial parotid, facial
nerve, facial vein , facial
artery , risorius, zygomaticus
major.
Medially : lateral surface of
mandible, submasseteric
space.
Anteriorly: buccinator
Posteriorly: deep part of
parotid.
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TEMPORALIS

• Large fan shaped muscle

which fills the temporal
fossa.

• Largest muscle of
mastication.

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ORIGIN :

• Inferior temporal line.

• floor of the temporal fossa

excluding zygomatic bone.

• Overlying temporal fascia.

• The fibres of the muscle

converge and pass through
the gap deep to zygomatic
arch.
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INSERTION :

• Margins and deep surface of

of coronoid process.

• Anterior border of ramus.

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• Two deep temporal
branches from anterior
division of mandibular
nerve.

• Blood is supplied by deep

temporal and superficial
temporal artery of maxillary
artery.

• Venous drainage is by deep

and superficial temporal
vein.
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• Elevates mandible.

• Posterior fibres retract the

protruded mandible.

• Helps in side to side

grinding movement.

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RELATIONS :

Laterally: temporal fascia,

zygomatic arch, masseter
muscle, auriculotemporal
nerve.

Medially: infratemporal fossa,

lateral and medial
pterygoid, deep temporal
nerves , maxillary artery,
pterygoid plexus of veins

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MEDIAL PTERYGOID :

• Quadrilateral shaped muscle.

• Located on the inner surface

of the ramus of the mandible.

• Has a small superficial and a

large deep head.

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ORIGIN :

• Superficial head:
From tuberosity of maxilla and
adjoining bone.

• Deep head:
From medial surface of lateral
pterygoid plate and adjoining
process of palatine bone.

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• Fibres run downwards,
backwards and laterally.

INSERTION:

• Roughened surface on the

medial surface of angle and
adjoining ramus of
mandible .

• Below and behind the

mandibular foramen and
mylohyoid groove.
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• The muscle is supplied by
nerve to medial pterygoid,
branch of main trunk of
mandibular nerve.

• Blood is supplied by
pterygoid branch of maxillary
artery.

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• It elevates the mandible.

• Helps to protrude mandible

along with lateral pterygoid
muscle.

• Right medial pterygoid with

left lateral pterygoid turn the
chin to left side and visa
versa on right side.

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RELATIONS:

Superficial : lateral pterygoid

plate, lingual nerve, inferior
alveolar nerve, maxillary
artery, sphenomandibular
lgament.

Deep: tensor veli palatani,

superior constrictor of
pharynx, styloglossus,
stylopharyngeus

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LATERAL PTERYGOID

• Short , conical shaped

muscle.

• It has a upper and a lower

head

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ORIGIN:

• The small upper head

From infratemporal surface and
crest of greater wing of
sphenoid bone.

• The large lower head

From lateral surface of lateral
pterygoid plate.

• Fibres run backwards and

laterally and converge for
insertion.
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INSERTION:

• Upper head
Pterygoid fovea on anterior
surface of neck of condyle.

• Lower head
Anterior margin of articular disc
and capsule of TMJ. Insertion is
posterolateral and slightly higher
than origin.

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• Nerve supply is by a branch of
anterior division of
mandibular nerve.

• Blood supply via maxillary

artery and ascending palatine
artery.

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• Depress the mandible to open
mouth with suprahyoid
muscles.

• Lateral and medial pterygoid

together protrude the
mandible.

• Left lateral pterygoid and

right medial pterygoid turn
the chin to left side and visa
versa on right side.

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RELATIONS:

Laterally: masseter, ramus of

mandible, tendon of
temporalis, maxillary artery.
Medially: mandibular
nerve,sphenomandibular
ligament, deep head of
medial pterygoid, middle
meningeal artery.
Superiorly: deep temporal
nerves, masseteric nerve.
Inferiorly: lingual nerve,
inferior alveolar nerve.
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 ACCESSORY MUSCLES OF MASTICATION:
Muscle Origin Fibres Insertion Nerve Actions
supply

Digastric: has a)Anterior Anterior belly

Both heads Anterior Depresses
two bellies belly: from runs meet the head mandible.
united by a digastric fossa downwards intermediate supplied by
tendon of mandible. and tendon which nerve to Elevates hyoid
backwards perforates mylohyoid. bone.
b)Posterior stylohyoid and
belly: from Posterior belly is held by a posterior
mastoid notch runs fibrous pulley head by
of temporal downwards to the hyoid facial nerve.
bone. and forwards. bone.

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Muscle Origin Fibres Insertion Nerve Actions
supply
Stylohyoid : Posterior Tendon Junction of body Facial Pulls hyoid
Lies on upper surface of perforated by and greater nerve upwards and
border of styloid tendon of cornua of hyoid backwards.
posterior process posterior bone. Fix the hyoid
belly of bigastric belly. bone with
digastric. other
muscles.
Mylohyoid: Mylohyoid Fibres run Posterior fibres: Nerve to Lifts the floor
flat , line of medially and body of hyoid mylohyo- of mouth
triangular,for mandible downwards. bone. id during 1st
ms floor of Anterior and stage of
mouth. Middle fibres: degluttition.
median raphe Depression of
between mandible
mandible and Elevates hyoid
hyoid bone
Geniohyoid: Inferior Genial Fibres run Anterior surface Hypogloss Elevtes hyoid.
lies above tubercles upwards and of body of hyoid -al nerve Depresses
medial part of forwards. bone. mandible.
mylohyoid 40
ROLE IN ORTHODONTICS

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