Uzma Akhtar

Tariq jamil
Sundus gulzar
Abrar Hussain

Semester 7
INS
 At the end of the presentation students will be
able to:
 Discuss the theoretical background of Virginia
handerson's theory
 Explain Virginia handerson's on nursing
philosophy
 Identify the characteristics of Virginia handerson's
theory
 Discuss Virginia handerson's 14 basics need of the
patient
 Apply nursing process on Virginia handerson's
theory
 Compare Virginia handerson's theory with
maslow's need base hairarchy theory
 Relate Henderson's Theory to the Four Global
Concepts
 Identify strengths and weaknesses of Virginia
handerson's theory
“The Nightingale of Modern Nursing”
• Born in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1897

• Diploma in Nursing from the Army School of Nursing

at Walter Reed Hospital, Washington, D.C. in 1921

• In 1923, started teaching nursing at the Norfolk Protestant

Hospital in Virginia

• In 1929, entered Teachers College at Columbia University for

Bachelor’s Degree in 1932, Master’s Degree in 1934

• Joined Columbia as a member of the faculty, until 1948

• Since 1953, a research associate at Yale University School of

Nursing -
• She recieved honorary doctoral degrees from the Catholic
University of America, Pace University, University of
Rochester, University of Western Ontario, Yale University

• Recipient of numerous recognitions

• Died: March 19, 1996

• Henderson recognized the unique funtions of the nurse
were:

• to assist the individaul, the sick, the well

• assist patients to be able to perform activities contributing

to health or its recovery

• help the patient perform functions they could not do

Virginia Henderson's defined nursing as follow:

"The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual,

sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing
to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would
perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or
knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain
independence as rapidly as possible" (Henderson, 1966).
• Henderson's philosophy empasizes the functions of the
nurse along with a list of basic patient needs that are to be
the focus of nursing care

• Henderson's main focus was on patient care and increasing

independence

• Henderson theory was developed on 14 basic needs for her

patients

• Her concepts were based on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

"While a nurse's job is to care for patients, it also helps
patients to able to care for themselves when they leave the
health care facility" (Nursing Theories and Models p.1).

• Maslow relative to Henderson: 14 Components of of her

need theory mirrors Maslow's Hierarchy of needs by her
humanism approach.

• Henderson also felt patient's once independent,

a patient could accomplish these needs. Conversely, the
nurse was there to facilitate this process when the pateint
was unable to accomplish this in a compromised state.
• Her definition and components are logical and the fourteen
basic nursing functions are a guide for the individual and
nurse in reaching the chosen goal.

• Her work can be applied to the health of individuals of all

ages.

• Her ideas of nursing practice are well accepted throughout

the world as a basis for nursing care.
• Virgina Henderson's background was developed during the
era of nursing and medicine where patient's needs were of
primary concern. As such, her theory is often called a
"Needs Theory".

• Henderson views the nursing process as "really the

application of the logical approach to the solution of a
problem. The steps are those of the scientific method."

• "Nursing process stresses the science of nursing rather than

the mixture of the science and art on which it seems effective
health care services of any kind is based."
• Breathe normally

• Eat and drink adequately

• Eliminate body wastes

• Move and maintain desirable postures

• Sleep and rest

• Select suitable clothes-dress and undress

• Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting

clothing and modifying the environment
• Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the
integument

• Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others

• Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears,

or opinions.

• Worship according to one’s faith

• Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment

• Play or participate in various forms of recreation

• Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal

development and health and use the available health facilities
 Understanding the Nursing Process
Assessment Compare patient’s data to knowledge base of health and disease. Assess baseline for
14 components to aid in planning

Diagnosis Identify individual’s ability to meet own needs with or without assistance, taking into
consideration strength, will, and knowledge

Plan Plan and document how the nurse can assist the individual, sick or well, back to
independence

Intervention Assist the individual in performance of activities to meeting needs necessary to

maintain health, recover from illness, or to aid in peaceful death

Evaluation Successful outcomes of nursing care based on the speed with which or degree to which
the patient performs independently the activities of daily living
 Maslow's
Hierarchy and the Virginia Henderson’s 14
Relationship to Basic Nursing
Henderson's Functions
Theory
Physiological needs Breathe normally
Eat and drink adequately
Eliminate by all avenues of elimination
Move and maintain desirable posture
Sleep and rest
Select suitable clothing
Maintain body temperature
Keep body clean and well groomed and protect
the integument
Safety needs Avoid environmental dangers and avoid injuring
others
Belongingness and love Communicate with others
needs
Worship according to faith
Esteem needs Work at something providing a sense of
accomplishment
Play or participate in various forms of recreation
Learn, discover, or satisfy curiosity
• Human Being-each patient has specific needs,
individualizing care to meet the needs of each patient to
promote health and optimal functioning.

• Environment-the environment plays an important role in

patient participation and enhances optimal functioning

• Health-providing care to patients who are unable to

accomplish specific functions unassisted, while working
toward restoring the patient to the highest level of
functioning.

• Nursing-nurses need to address the patients needs and

develop a plan using the nursing process
• Promotion of Wellness: "According to Henderson, nurses need to
prevent disease and promote health" (Nursing Theories and Models
p.1).

• Preventative Medicine: Henderson was ahead of her

time advocating prevention, recognizing healthy life style changes
and promoting these changes.

• Wellness Concepts: Henderson believed nurses had to teach patients

certain concepts to promote health and embrace this teaching.
These included, but not limited to diet, rest, exercise and also help
patients with psychosocial recovery visa supporting spirituality
and combine these concepts in a holistic approach.
"Henderson supported nursing research, but believed that it should be
clinical research" (O'Malley, 1996).
• Support of Henderson that she Embraced: Much of the research
before her time had been on educational processes and on the
profession of nursing itself, rather than on; the practice and
outcomes of nursing, and she worked to change that" (Journal of
Advanced Nursing pp.7,103-09).

• Criticisms: The critical analysis of her model was a void existed

between physiologic and other human characteristics. Further, there
is no linkage between holistic human nature and her role
relationships.

• 14 Components Unclear: If the assumption is made that the 14

components is prioritized, the relationship is unclear. For example,
she states that nurses have a role in helping the patient accept end of
life care, it's not clear how this occurs.
• In Practice:Nurses serve to guide assessment, interventions, and
evaluation of nursing care.

• Evidenced Base Practice: Provide a rationale for collecting reliable

and valid data about health status of clients.

• Rationale: By defining data and validating information

implementation of care ensures quality nursing care.

• Methods: Helping to build common nursing terminology to use

while communicating with other health professionals ideas and
information are defined. These methods are reinforced through
education and research.
• Henderson Analysis: Henderson supported and used Maslow
Hierachy of needs in her needs theory via the14 components by a
humanism approach.

• She sought to refine nursing practice by collaborating with other

professionals and through a defined language between nursing.

• She emphasized the advocacy of patients by nurses while patients

were ill until they could do this for themselves.

• She was a proponent of education and wellness teaching. She

believed, ahead of her time, prevention is the best medicine.

• Henderson was a unclear link between holistic human nature and

role relationships, she worked diligently to change nursing process
and research thus building evidenced based practice concepts in the
nursing care model.
Chitty, K.K. & Black B.P. (2011). Professional nursing: Concepts and
challenges (6th ed.) Maryland Heights, MO: Saunders

Current Nursing. (2012). Nursing theories: Virginia henderson's needs

theory. Retrieved from
http:/currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Henderson.html

Halloran, E. J. (1996). Virginia henderson and her timeless writtings.

Journal of Advanced Nursing, 7, 103-109. 23, 17-24

Henderson, Virginia. The Nature of

Nursing.Macmillan USA. 1996. 1. Retrieved from: http://nursing-
theroy.org/theories-and-models/henderson-need-theory.php
Henderson, Models of Nursing Needs Theory 2012
Retrieved from: http://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-
models/henderson-need-theory.php

Nursing Theorist, Virginia Henderson 2012

Retrieved from:http://vahenderson2010.blogspot.com/2010/her-
theroy-and-nursing-process,html

George, J.B (ed.) (1995). Nursing Theories: the base for professional
nursing practice (4th ed). Northwalk CT Appleton & Lange

Henderson, Virginia. Nursing Theory 2011. Retrieved from:

http://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Virginia-Henderson.php
Halloran, E. J. (1996), Virginia Henderson and her timeless writings.
Journal of Advanced Nursing, 23: 10-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-
2648.1996.tb03130.x