SUN

• lies at the heart of the solar system, where it is by far the

largest object

• holds 99.8 percent of the solar system's mass and is

roughly 109 times the diameter of the Earth — about one
million Earths could fit inside the sun

• one of more than 100 billion stars in Milky Way

 MOON

• An astronomical body that orbits planet Earth, being Earth's

only permanent natural satellite

• thought to have formed about 4.51 billion years ago, not long after
Earth

• The most widely accepted

• explanation is that the Moon formed from the debris left over after
a giant impact between Earth and a Mars- sized body called Theia.
 PLANETS

• Inner Solar System

• Mercury, Venus, Earth Mars
• - closest to the sun and
• - called the terrestrial planets because the have very solid rocky surface
• Outer Solar System
• Jupiter, Saturn,Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
• - these are sometimes called the gas giants
• - Pluto has a solid but icier surface
STARS

• giant, luminous spheres of plasma

• There are billions of them — including our own
sun — in the Milky Way universe.
• The greater a star's mass, the shorter its
lifespan generally is.
GALAXY

TYPES OF GALAXIES
Spiral galaxies
such as the Milky Way, consist of a flat disk with a bulging center and
surrounding spiral arms
The galaxy's disk includes stars, planets, dust, and gas—all of which in a
regular manner

Elliptical galaxies
are shaped as their name suggests. They are generally round but stretch
longer along one axis than along the other. They may be nearly circular or so
elongated that they take on a cigarlike appearance.
 The universe's largest known galaxies are
giant elliptical galaxies, which may be as much
as two million light-years long. Elliptical
galaxies may also be small, in which case they
are dubbed dwarf elliptical galaxies.

Irregular galaxies
Irregular galaxies appear misshapen and
lack a distinct form, often because they are
within the gravitational influence of other
galaxies close by
universe

• all of space and time (spacetime)

and its contents,which
includes planets, moons, minor
planets, stars, galaxies, the contents
of intergalactic space and
all matter and energy
• The size of the entire Universe is
still unknown.
WHAT HAPPEN in the past and
future in beyond of the earth
Earth
 Earth
topography
red=mountain
blue=depression
Earth’s surface looks different from other
planets.
PANGEA
 PANGEA

- A supercontinent that included all the world's

landmasses in the late Paleozoic and, according to the
theory of plate tectonics, subsequently broke apart into
Laurasia and Gondwana.
PANGEA
Laurasia

Gondwana
 PANGEA
• The Super Continental

Existed 200 million

years ago
 NORT
AFRICA

AUSTRALIA

(a) Present

NORTH \ f
AMERICA PANTHALASSA

\ .... TETHYS

PANTHALASSA AFRICA

TRALIA
/\
RCTICA
(b) 200 million years ago
CONTINENTAL DRIFT
OF PANGEA
After rearrangement, fossils match.

Africa

Cynognathus Lystrosaurus

» South
America
Australia

Antarctica

Mesosaurus
Glossopteris
• The Earth has a
magnetic field.
• When molten rocks
cool, they lock in their
current magnetic field
direction.
• If they are moved
from their point of
origin, their internal
magnetic signal shows
it
• The continents
DEFINITELY moved!
A new theory was postulated to
explain
continental drift:
“Plate Tectonics”

• Earth’s surface divided into many plates that move

slowly over the surface and interact with each other
•Their movements are driven from below - internal heat
and convection in the Earth.
 Crust (7- 50 km thick)

Crust

arth layers
/
/

Crust = 7 - 50 km
Mantle = 2,900 km
Core = 3,470 km
Plates move by “sliding” along soft upper mantle
material.

Oceanic crust
7 km thick

Lithosphere
Continental crust
30-50 km thick 6
km/sec 1
7 km/sec M o h o r o v / £ , -
Depth (km)

^; s c o n t i n u ' ^
Asthenosphere
(low-velocity zone)
 Mantle convection
Upwelling beneath ridges

•Hot, buoyant material causes ridges to sit “high”

Downwelling at subduction zones •Cooler, denser,

material sinks
Sea Floor spreading (Hess, 1962)

New crust created at ridges (divergence)

Old crust consumed at subduction zones (convergence)
Subduction at Sea floor spreading at Subduction at Volcanic
Volcanic arc trench mid-ocean ridge trench arc

Ocean

Subduction
zone v Hot molten Subduction
rock to zone/
surface

Convection cell Convection cell

Mantle

Predicts sea floor is young near ridges and ages away

from the ridges
Tectonic Plates

Plates are rigid, pushed along by sea floor spreading.

EURASIA
EURASIAN N
PLATE PLATE
JUAN DE FUCA San Andreas
PLATE 2N Fault
TCARIBBEAN 12.5 v?
PLATE /
PHILIPPINE ARABIAN
PLATE INDIAN
PLATE
PLATE
COCOS PLATE
| East '
African
Rift
SOUTH AFRICA Valleys
◄ N
AMERIC PLATE '
AUSTRALIA AN
N
PLATE
PLATE
SCOTIA PLATE
Plate Boundaries
Plate Boundaries
Transform Plate Boundary
Transform Plate Boundaries are locations where two
plates slide past one another.
Plate Boundaries
DivergentPlate Boundary

linear feature that exists between two tectonic

plates that are moving away from each other.
Plate Boundaries
Convergent Plate Boundary

When continental and oceanic plates collide, the thinner and more
dense oceanic plate is overridden by the thicker and less dense
continental plate.
 The Plates of the Earth
O' 60' 120' 180' -120' -60' o’

O’
 The Plates of the Earth
0- 60' 120" 180- -120’ -60' Q*
Age of Sea Floor

Age of the Seafloor

as

O’
a

I_
— —
20 r— I— 80 100 120 140 160 180
60
40 Age of seafloor (Ma)
Seismicity outlines plate boundaries

O' 60' 120' 180' -120' -60' o’

 Shield (hot spot) Volcanoes are different from other volcanoes...

ARCTIC OCEAN
Arctic Circle
•Iceland

Yellowstone
Azores

Canary
Tropic of Cancer

Hawaii

Equator

Ascension INDIAN
Samoa
O CEAN
Society

Tropic of Capricorn Reunioi

E. Australii

Antarctic Circle Hotspot

Spreading centers
Subduction zones Major
transform faults
EXTRATERRESTRIAL
INTELLIGENCE
MARS HAD WATER SEAS, BUT “EVIDENCE” FOR FOSSIL
LIFE IN MARS ROCK IS UNCONVINCING.
WE’LL HAVE TO EXPLORE MARS FURTHER

• Nice shape, but no evolution of shapes evident. Way too small!

THE “GOLDILOCKS CONDITION”

• Most life on Earth requires liquid water and a suitable temperature and atmosphere
• Habitable plane or Environment
Living on Mars
MARS
MARS

• Mars is Similar to earth having a spirit Opportunity Have

both found signs that show mars once had a fair amount
of liquid water.