WHAT IS RECTIFICATION?

The process of conversion of Alternating Current and

Voltage to the Direct Current and Voltage is known as
Rectification.
 RECTIFIER CIRCUITS:
• Many electronic devices work properly on DC voltage and
most equipment's are connected to 120Vac power-line.
• AC voltage can be converted into DC voltage.
• The circuit in which AC voltage is converted into the
required DC voltage is known as Power Supply.
• The component that convert AC to DC voltage in power
supply is called “Rectifier Diode”.
• Rectifier is unidirectional device that produce DC output
voltage.
 TYPES OF RECTIFICATION:
• There are two types of rectifier.
1. Half-Wave Rectifier 2. Full-Wave Rectifier
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER
 HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER:

• A half wave rectifier is a type of rectifier which converts the positive half cycle (positive
current) of the input signal into pulsating DC (Direct Current) output signal.
• It allows only half cycle (either positive half cycle or negative half cycle) of the input AC
signal while another half cycle is blocked.

Positive half cycle Negative half cycle

 EXPLANATION:
• When AC voltage enters into the rectifier diode which is forward biased, it
conducts current across RL (load resistance).
• The output will give the positive half cycle.
• The output voltage is same as the input AC signal of positive half cycle.
• On the other hand, during negative half cycle the diode is reverse biased and act as
an open circuit.
• There will no current flow.
• Only AC voltage appear across the load and voltage and current remain zero.
• The output voltage pulsate the DC voltage.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 MATHEMATICS
• First we calculate voltage
𝑉0 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝜔𝑡 ≤ 𝜋 (1)
𝑉0 = 0 , ≤ 𝜔𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋 (2)
(1)eq. is for positive half cycle and (2) eq. is for negative half cycle.
• Calculating whole voltage
Average voltage = area under curve / base
2𝜋
𝑉0 ⅆ𝜔𝑡
=න
2𝜋
0
 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑣0 ⅆ 𝜔 𝑡 𝑣0 ⅆ𝜔𝑡
=න +න
2𝜋 2𝜋
0 0

𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 ⅆ𝜔𝑡 0 ⅆ𝜔𝑡
=඲ +඲
2𝜋 2𝜋
0 0

𝜋
1
= න 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 ⅆ𝜔𝑡
2𝜋
0

𝑣𝑚
= − cos 𝜔𝑡
2𝜋
 𝑉𝑚
= − cos 𝜋 − cos 0
2𝜋
𝑉𝑚
= − 1 − −1
2𝜋
𝑉𝑚
= (2)
2𝜋
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑣 =
𝜋
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑣 =
3.14
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = 0.318𝑉𝑚
NOW WE WILL FIND IT FOR CURRENT
FORMULA FOR I AVERAGE IS
𝑉𝑎𝑣
𝐼𝑎𝑣 =
𝑅
𝑉𝑚
As, 𝑉𝑎𝑣 =
𝜋

𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑎𝑣 =
𝜋𝑅

𝑉𝑚/𝑅
𝐼𝑎𝑣 =
𝜋
𝐼𝑚
𝐼𝑎𝑣 =
𝜋

𝐼𝑎𝑣 = 0.318𝐼𝑚
The transformer has a turn ratio, Np/Ns of 1:4.The root mean square secondary
voltage is calculated as:
𝑁𝑠
Vs = × 𝑉𝑝
𝑁𝑝
1
= ×120 Vac
4
= 30 Vac
To calculate the peak voltage we have formula:
Vs(pk)= Vs × 1.414
=30 × 1.414 =42.42 V
This is the input voltage given to a transformer.
The peak to peak value of secondary voltage equals
2× Vs(pk)=2 ×42.42
=84.84 Vp-p
The input voltage is 42.42 V when the voltage passes across the diode which is
silicon diode the 0.7 V drops and remaining output voltage across load resistor is:
42.42V - 0.7V= 41.72 V (peak output voltage)
Average or DC voltage at output can be found by formula:
Vdc= 0.318 × 41.72
= 13.27V
13.27 V is the output DC voltage across the load resistor Rl
Now, the DC load current Il=Vdc/Rl
= 13.27 V/100 Ω
= 132.7 mA
In half-wave rectifier the dc load current and dc diode current are equal.
I(diode)=I(dc)
CONSTRUCTION:

• A single diode is needed to construct half-wave rectifier.

• It consist of Ac source, diode that is connected between the resistor and
transformer, resistor (load), transformer(step down).
• The AC source provide the input voltage, step down transformer reduces the
voltage from high to low, diode allows the current flow in only one direction
and resistor restricts the current to a certain level.
 ADVANTAGES:

• Simple circuit
• Easy to construct
• Low number of components
• Cheap
• It can halve the power into a resistive load
DISADVANTAGES:

• Power is delivered only during one half cycle of the input AC so, its power
output is low
• Transformer utilization factor is low.
• Rectification frequency is low.
 APPLICATIONS

• Used for the desired level of DC.

• Used in soldering Machines.
• Used as detector in AM radio.
• Used in pulse generating or fire circuits.
• Used in Signal demodulation.
FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
 FULL WAVE RECTIFICATION
Power diodes can be connected together to form a full wave rectifier that convert AC
voltage into pulsating DC voltage for use in power supply. It allows current to flow during
both the positive and negative half cycles. Output frequency is twice the input frequency.
Full wave rectifier theory:
In a full wave rectifier circuit we use two diodes, one for each half of the wave. A
multiple winding transformer is used whose secondary winding is split equally into two
halves with a common center tapped connection. Configuration results in each diode
conducting in turn when its anode terminal is positive with respect to the transformer center
point C produces an output during both half-cycles. Full rectifier advantages are flexible
compared to that of half wave rectifier.
 FULL WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT:
It consists of two power diodes connected to a single load resistance (RL) with each diode
taking it in turn to supply current to load resister. When point A of the transformer is
positive with respect to point C, diode D1 conducts in the forward direction. When point B
is positive in the negative half of the cycle with respect to C point, the diode D2 conducts in
the forward direction and the current flowing through resistor R is in the same direction for
both half-cycles of the wave.
The output voltage across the resistor r is the phasor sum of the two waveforms, it is also
known as a bi-phase circuit. The spaces between each half-wave developed by each diode is
now being filled in by the other. The average DC output voltage across the load resistor is
now double that of the single half-wave rectifier circuit and is about 0.637vmax of the peak
voltage by assuming no losses. VMAX is the maximum peak value in one half of the
secondary winding and vrms is the rms value.
 WORKING:
It has fundamental advantages over half wave rectifier counterparts. The average
(DC) output voltage is higher than for half wave rectifier, the output of the full
wave rectifier has much less ripple than that of the half wave rectifier producing
a smoother output waveform.
CENTER TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
It employs a tapped transformer with secondary winding AB tapped at the center point C,
two diodes D1 and D2 are connected in upper and lower half of circuit.
Center tapped full wave rectifier work:
The center tapped full wave rectifier uses a center tapped transformer to convert the input
AC voltage into output DC voltage.
When input ac voltage is applied, the secondary winding of the center tapped transformer
divides this input ac voltage into two parts, positive and negative.
During positive as well as negative half-cycle of input ac voltage, the current flows through
the load resistor rl in the the same direction.
 POSITIVE HALF-CYCLE:

At a given voltage, end A of transformer become positive while B become negative which
makes D1 diode forward biased and D2 reverse biased. For this reason D1 conduct current
while D2 does not. The output voltage is measured across the load resister. It means that
current flows only in upper portion of secondary winding of transformer.
NEGATIVE HALF-CYCLE:
at a given voltage, end b of transformer become positive while a become negative
which makes d1 diode reverse biased and d2 forward biased. now due to this reason
this reason d1 does not conduct current while d2 does conduct current. the output
voltage is measured across the load resister. it means that current flows only in lower
portion of secondary winding of transformer.
PIV (PEAK INVERSE VOLTAGE) OF CENTER TAPPED FULL WAVE
TRANSFORMER:
Peak inverse voltage is the maximum possible voltage across a diode when it
is reversed biased.
FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

• Bridge rectifier is another type of full wave rectifier.

• It uses 4 diodes instead of 2.It uses a bridge circuit and it does not have
center tapping.
• In full wave bridge rectifier, four rectifying diodes are connected in a closed
loop bridge configuration. As it does not have a center tapped transformer so
it is smaller in size and cheaper in cost.
 BRIDGE RECTIFIER WORKING OPERATION

• The bridge rectifier has 4 diodes that are D1,

D2, D3 and D4.
• In these 4 diodes only 2 diodes conduct at a
time either D1 and D3 or D2 and D4 . It
depends upon the positive or negative half
cycles.
 DURING POSITIVE HALF CYCLE

• During the positive half cycle diodes D1 and

D2 are forward (positively) biased.
• While diodes D3 and D4 are
reversed(negatively) biased. So current will
conduct through D1 and D2. The direction of
current is in figure.
 DURING NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE
• During the negative half cycle , the diodes D3
and D4 are forward(positive) biased while
diodes D1 and D2 are reversed(negative) biased.
• So the current conduct through D3 and D4.
Direction of current is shown in figure.
• The most important thing here is that in both
cases the direction of current flow is same it
means that current is unidirectional and so
voltage drop is also unidirectional.
 FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH SMOOTHING
CAPACITOR:
This capacitor convert the full wave rippled output of the rectifier into a more smooth DC
output voltage. These capacitors are connected in parallel with the load across the output of
full wave bridge rectifier. This filter circuit increase the average DC output level as
capacitor acts like a storage device. If there is minor ripple in output then these can be
smoothened by varying capacitors values.
 APPLICATIONS OF FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
• Full wave rectifier are used in the construction of constant dc voltage power supplies.
• Full wave rectifiers are used for audio applications, specially built power supplies
(using IC regulators).
• Full wave rectifiers are used in Car alternators.
• Full wave rectifiers are used in Power bank.
• We can use full wave rectifiers in any other switching supply like alarm, charger,
Bluetooth device charger, router supply.
• Full wave rectification have applications in any video device, lead battery charger and
any LED lamp over 10 watts in general.
 CONTINUED…
• The mobile phone charger and laptop charger which is an integral part of our day
to day life has a bridge rectifier circuit inside them to convert the AC power
supply to DC.
• Bridge rectifiers are widely used for large appliances, where they are capable of
converting high AC voltage to low DC voltage.
• It can be used to detect the amplitude of modulated radio signal.
• It can be used to supply polarized voltage in welding.
 Advantages

• The rectification efficiency of full-wave rectifier is double of that of a half-wave

rectifier. That means the full wave rectifier converts AC to DC more efficiently
than the half wave rectifier.
• Higher output voltage, higher output power and higher Transformer Utilization
Factor in case of full-wave rectifier.
• The ripple voltage is low and of higher frequency in case of full-wave rectifier so
simple filtering circuit is required in it.
• Low power loss occur in full wave rectifier.
• In full wave rectification AC supply delivers power during both the halves that’s
why it is more efficient.
• In a half wave rectifier, only half cycle is allowed and the remaining half cycle is blocked. As a result,
more than half of the voltage is wasted. But in full wave rectifier, both half cycles are allowed at the same
time. So no signal is wasted in a full wave rectifier.
• The output DC signal in full wave rectifier has fewer ripples than the half wave rectifier.
• Disadvantages of Full Wave Rectifiers:
• It requires four diodes. So two diodes conduct in alternative half cycles. This cause an additional voltage
drop thereby reducing the output voltage.
• The circuit is not suitable when a small voltage is required to be rectified. Because in this case, the two
diodes are connected in series and offer double voltage drop due to their internal resistance.
• More parts or more expensive parts needed in full wave rectifier circuit.
• The PIV (peak inverse voltage) of a diode used twice that of the diode used in the half wave rectifier, so
PIV rating of diode is higher in it.
VOLTAGE MULTIPLIERS
 VOLTAGE MULTIPLIERS

A voltage multiplier is a specialized rectifier circuit producing a DC output

voltage which is theoretically an integer times the AC peak input voltage.
 Types of voltage multiplier:
Depending on the output voltage, multipliers can be of different types
• Voltage doubler rectifiers
• Voltage tripler rectifiers
• Voltage quadrupler rectifiers
 VOLTAGE DOUBLER RECTIFIER:

A voltage doubler produces a DC voltage almost twice the rms value of

the input AC voltage using a network of Diodes and Polarized
Capacitors.
 Types of Voltage Doubler:
Voltage doubler can be of two types;
• Half wave voltage doubler
• Full wave voltage doubler
 HALF WAVE VOLTAGE DOUBLER RECTIFIER
The half wave voltage doubler supplies the voltage, that is twice the input, to the
output load in one cycle either positive or negative half cycle.
Explanation:
 DURING THE NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE:

During the negative half cycle, the diode D2 is reverse biased and diode D1 is forward biased.
D2 is open circuited.
 D1 is short circuited.
 The capacitor C1 is charges to V while the capacitor C2 will not be charged. However, the charge
2V stored in the capacitor C2 will be discharged and flows to the output load. Thus, the half wave
voltage doubler drives a voltage of 2V to the output load.
MATHEMATICALLY:

• Calculate voltage across C1 = Vc1 =?

• Using Kirchhoff's voltage law ( KVL)
+Vin –Vc1=0
Vc1 = Vin
• Capacitor C1 has voltage Vin.
 DURING THE POSITIVE HALF CYCLE:

During the positive half cycle, diode D1 is reverse biased and diode D2 is forward biased. So D2 allows
electric current through it.
D2 is short circuited.
 D1 is open circuited.
 Firstly the current will flow through the capacitor C1.The current will also flow through the C2 and
charges it to the value of 2V because, the input voltage V and the capacitor C1 voltage V is added to the
capacitor C2.
MATHEMATICALLY:
• We have to calculate voltage across C2=Vc2=?
• Using Kirchhoff's voltage law ( KVL) to obtain Vc2
• By moving in clockwise direction,
- Vin + Vc2 - Vin =0
Vc2 = 2Vin
• Capacitor C2 has voltage 2Vm, which is the output voltage.
FULL WAVE VOLTAGE DOUBLER
 WHAT IT IS ?

• Basically it’s a full wave voltage doubler with transformer-coupled input voltage. A
transformer is often used to couple the AC input from the source to the rectifier. In
full wave rectifier transformer provides less input voltage by stepped down.
• We take an ideal full wave voltage doubler in which forward bias diode act as short
circuit which means that voltage drop is zero.
• In full wave VD we use two capacitors connected with two ideal diodes forming
two different loops.
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE OF AC
RESULTS
 IN POSITIVE HALF CYCLE ACCORDING TO ABOVE
CIRCUIT
• D1 is forward biased
• D2 is reverse biased
• D1 is short circuited
• D2 is open circuit
• Lets we have an ideal diodes
• By applying KVL in the circuit possessing forward biased current we get,
Vp – Vc1 = 0
So, VP = VC1
• Capacitor C1 is charged by voltage VP .and it remains charged in negative half cycle.
IN NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE ACCORDING TO ABOVE CIRCUIT
• D1 is reverse biased
• D2 is forward biased
• D1 is open circuited
• D2 is short circuit
• Lets we have an ideal diodes
• By applying KVL in the circuit possessing forward biased current in this case we get,
-Vp + Vc2 = 0
So, VP = VC2
• Capacitor C2 is charged by voltage VP .and it remains charged in each half cycle.
 CALCULATION OF VOUT
• We have to calculate output voltage between two capacitors and we know that
voltage across each capacitor is same that is calculated before.
• We apply KVL on the outer loop of the circuit as shown in the figure that contains
both the capacitors and output voltage.
• Now final circuit will have both capacitors charged having both voltages,
VP = VC2 and VP = VC1
• Circuit is working as voltage doubler.
• By using Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) we get ,

Vout = Vp + Vp
Vout = 2Vp
WAVE FORM REPRESENTATION
 COMPARISON
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

 It is more easy to convert these The out put voltage present has
ripples into DC by using regulators undesired fluctuations called
because full waves have less ripples which required process of
frequency then the half wave voltage regulation to convert in DC in
doubler but having the output voltage order to use in required place .
peak twice to that of half wave VD.
It eliminates the use of a high voltage
transformation. As it changes a low
voltage to high at a low rate.
APPLICATIONS OF FULL WAVE VOLTAGE
DOUBLER

• High voltage-Low current applications such as accelerating purpose in

cathode ray tube.

• Photomultiplier tubes

• Voltage Doublers are used widely in in X-ray and radar system along
with LCD backlight, in laser systems and in oscilloscopes etc.
THANK YOU!!!