OXIDATION AND

REDUCTION
 Definition of oxidation and reduction reaction

Oxidation reaction involves: Reduction reaction involves:

O
a) gain in oxygen a) loss of oxygen

b) loss of hydrogen H b) gain in hydrogen

c) gain in electrons
c) loss of electrons
e-
A
Redox Reactions
- are chemical reactions involving oxidation and
reduction occurring simultaneously.

Redox reactions cover a wide range of reactions and they can be

explained in term of :

• loss or gain of oxygen

• loss or gain of hydrogen
• transfer of electrons
• changes in oxidation number
 Redox reactions based on loss or gain of
oxygen
Is a process when a substance gains oxygen
Oxidation
• the substance that causes oxidation is called the
oxidizing agent (oxidant)

Reduction Removal of oxygen from a substance ( when a

substance loses its oxygen.)

• the substance that causes reduction is called the

reducing agent (reductant)
 Loss or gain of oxygen

Mg + PbO  MgO + Pb

REDUCTION OXIDATION

PbO  Pb Mg  MgO
PbO loss of O Mg received O
PbO is reduced to Pb Mg is oxidized to MgO
Reduction Process occur Oxidation Process occur
PbO act as oxidizing agent Mg act as reducing agen
 Redox reaction – Example 1

PbO(s) + H2(g)  Pb(s) + H2O(l)

The lead(II) oxide is Hydrogen gas is called the reducing

reduced to lead because agent because it helps to reduce
oxygen is removed from lead(II) oxide to lead. Hydrogen gas
it. is oxidized to water because
oxygen is added to it.
Lead(II) oxide is called the
oxidizing agent because it
supplies oxygen to H2 and
thus causes H2 to be
oxidized to water.

We can see that reduction and oxidation occur at the same time.
Thus the above reaction is called a redox reaction.
 Kehilangan/Penambahan O

PbO(s) + H2(g)  Pb(s) + H2O(l)

PbO  Pb Mg  MgO

2FeO + C  2Fe + CO2

FeO  Fe C  CO2
 Kehilangan/Penambahan O

Mg + PbO  MgO + Pb
PbO  Pb Mg  MgO
PbO kehilangan O Mg menerima O
PbO diturunkan kepada Pb Mg dioksidakan kpd MgO
Proses penurunan berlaku Proses pengoksidaan berlaku
PbO bertindak sebagai agen [O] Mg bertindak sebagai agen penurunan

2FeO + C  2Fe + CO2

FeO  Fe
FeO kehilangan O
FeO diturunkan kepada Fe
Proses penurunan berlaku
FeO bertindak sebagai agen [O]
C  CO2
C menerima O
C dioksidakan kpd CO2
Proses pengoksidaan berlaku
C bertindak sebagai agen penurunan
 Kehilangan/Penambahan O

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g)  2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

Fe2O3(s)  Fe(s) 3CO(g)  CO2(g)

 2CuO(s) + C(s)  2Cu(s) + CO2(g)

CuO Cu(s) C(s)  CO2(g)

 Redox reaction – Example 3

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g)  2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

Iron(III) oxide is reduced

to iron because oxygen Carbon monoxide is the reducing agent

because it removes oxygen from Fe2O3.
is removed from it. Carbon monoxide is oxidized because
oxygen is added to it.
Iron(III) oxide is the oxidizing agent
because it supplies oxygen to
carbon monoxide.

We can see that reduction and oxidation occur at the same time.
Thus the above reaction is called a redox reaction.
Heating of copper(II) oxide, CuO with carbon

Gains oxygen (oxidation)

2CuO(s) + C(s) 2Cu(s) + CO2(g)

Oxidizing Reducing
agent agent

Loses oxygen (reduction)

CuO loses its oxygen to form Cu

Thus, CuO is said to be reduced to Cu
CuO act as oxidizing agent because it
causes the oxidation of carbon
Zn(s) + PbO(s) ZnO(s) +Pb(s)
 Redox reactions based on loss or gain of
hydrogen

Oxidation Is the loss of hydrogen

from a substance

Is the gain of hydrogen

Reduction
  Loss or gain of H
H2S + Cl2  2HCl + S
Cl2  HCl H2S  S
Cl2 received H H2S loss of H
Cl2 is reduced to HCl H2S oxidized to S
Reduction process occur Oxidation process occur
Cl2 at as oxidisng agent H2S act as reducing agent
 Redox reaction – Example 2

H2S(g) + Cl2 ---> 2HCl(g) + S(s)

The hydrogen sulphide is

oxidized because
hydrogen is removed Chlorine is the oxidizing agent
from it. because it helps remove hydrogen
from H2S, thus causing it to be
oxidized. On the other hand,
Hydrogen sulphide is the chlorine is reduced because
reducing agent because it hydrogen is added to it.
supplies hydrogen to
chlorine, thus causing it to
be reduced.

We can see that reduction and oxidation occur at the same time.
Thus the above reaction is called a redox reaction.
 •Chlorine undergoes reduction as it gains its
hydrogen to produce hydrogen chloride.
•Its causes the oxidation of hydrogen sulphide.
(oxidizing agent)
Gain hydrogen (reduction)

H2S(g) + Cl2(g) S(s) + 2HCl(g)

Reducing Oxidizing
agent agent

Loses hydrogen (oxidation)

•Hydrogen sulphide undergoes oxidation as it loses

its hydrogen to become sulphur.
•Its causes the reduction of chlorine. (reducing
agent)
Redox reactions based on changes in oxidation
number

oxidation number of an element

[oxidation state]

Is the charge that the atom of the element

would have if complete transfer of electrons
occurs.
 Rules Oxidation
number
Group 1 element = +1 Na dalam NaCl = +1

Group 2 element = +2 Mg dalam = +2

MgBr2
Group 3 element = +3 Al2O3 = +3
Group 17 element = -1 Cl dalam NaCl = -1

O element in a O dalam Al2O3 = -2

compound always = -2
except in H2O2 = -1 O dalam H2O2 = -1

H element in compound = +1 H dalam HCl = +1

is
except = -1 H dalam NaH = -1
H element in metal
hidride
 Rules No [O] Contoh
atom / molecule = 0 Na =0
Cl2 =0
O2 =0
Mg =0
Monoatomic ion (simple ion) = Charge of Na+ =+1
ion Ca2+ =+2
Cl- =-1

The sum of the oxidation = 0 NaCl =0

numbers of all the elements in NH3 =0
H2SO4 =0
the formula of a compound

The sum of the oxidation numbers of = charge of SO42- =-2

all elements in the formula of a the ion MnO4- =-1
polyatomic ion must be equal to the
 Worked Example (1)

Determine the oxidation number of the underlined element in H2S2O7

(Assuming the oxidation number of the element is p)

H2S2O7 Net charge = 0

(Oxidation number of H) = +1
(Oxidation number of S) = p

(Oxidation number of O) = -2

2(+1) + 2p + 7(-2) = 0
+2 + 2p - 14 = 0
2p - 12 = 0
2p = +12
p = +6
Oxidation number and nomenclature of compounds

Oxidation number +2

FeSO4 Iron(II) sulphate

Oxidation number +3
Fe2(SO4)3 Iron(III) sulphate

Oxidation number of
NaClO3 Sodium chlorite (V) chlorine +5

KMnO4
K2Cr2O7

Practical book/activity 3.4/pg 71

 Sistem penamaan
angka roman dalam kurungan perlu ditulis sebatian jika
unsur yang mempunyai lebih drpd satu no[O]
Formula No [O] Nama biasa IUPAC
logam
CuSO4 +2 Kuprik sulfat Kuprum (II) sulfat
Cu2SO4 +1 Kuprus sulfat Kuprum (I) sulfat
HNO3 +5 Asid nitrik Asid nitrik (V)
HNO2 +3 Asid nitrus Asid nitrik (III)
Oxidation numbers in oxidation & reduction

Oxidation Increase in oxidation number

Reduction decrease in oxidation number

0 +2 (oxidation)

2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2 MgO(s)

0 0 +2 -2

0 -2 (reduction)
 Redox reactions based on transfer of electron

Oxidation Oxidation involves loss of electrons and this is followed by an

increase in oxidation number (or oxidation state).

Reduction involves a gain in electrons and it is followed by a

Reduction decrease in oxidation number.

An oxidizing agent is an electron acceptor

whereas the reducing agent is the electron donor.
  Redok reaction based on Transfer of electron

2Mg + O2  2MgO
O2 + 4e-  2O2- Mg  Mg2+ + 2e-
O2 received e- Mg released e
O2 is reduced to O2- Mg s oxidized to Mg2+
Reduction process oxidation
O2 act as oxidizing agent Mg act as reducing
agent
2Na + Cl2  NaCl
 Loss of electrons ( )

Zn (s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)

gain of electrons ( )
Transfer of electrons

• we can take this reaction as two separate changes occurring

simultaneously. Each of these changes is called a half-reaction.
• Its equation is known as a half-equation.

Oxidation half- Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e (loss of electrons)

equation
Zn is oxidized to Zn ions,

Reduction half-
equation Cu2+(aq) + 2e Cu(S) (gain of electrons)
Cu2+ is reduced to Cu,
Reducing
agent

Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e (loss of electrons)

oxidizing
agent
Cu2+(aq) + 2e Cu(S) (gain of electrons)

Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)

Ionic equation

Try : 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)

  Perpindahan e-
2Mg + O2  2MgO
O2 + 4e-  2O2- Mg  Mg2+ + 2e-
O2 menerima e- Mg melepaskan e-
O2 diturunkan kepada Mg dioksidakan kpd
O2- Mg2+
Proses penurunan Proses pengoksidaan
berlaku berlaku
O2 bertindak sebagai Mg bertindak sebagai
agen [O] agen penurunan
2Na + Cl2  NaCl
 Example of oxidation and reduction reaction in terms of electron transfer
Burning of sodium in chlorine

2 Na(s) + Cl2(g)  2NaCl(s)

Sodium (reducing agent) Chlorine (oxidizing agent)

loses one valence electron (electron accepts an electron (electron acceptor)
donor) and is oxidized to sodium ion. and it is reduced to chloride ion.
The oxidation state (o.s) of sodium The oxidation state (o.s) of chlorine
increases from 0 to +1. decreases from 0 to -1.
 (b) HNO3 (c) H2SO4
(a) CO2
The net charge is 0 The net charge is 0
The net charge is 0
(+1) + p + 3(-2) = 0 2(+1) + p + 4(-2) = 0
p + 2(-2) = 0
+1 + p – 6 = 0 +2 + p – 8 = 0
p–4=0
p–5=0 p–6=0
p = +4
p = +5 p = +6

(e) H2C2O4
(f) S2O82-
The net charge is 0
(d) NH3 The net charge is -2
2(+1) + 2p + 4(-2) = 0
The net charge is 0 2p + 8(-2) = -2
+2 + 2p – 8 = 0
p + 3(+1) = 0 2p – 16 = -2
2p – 6 = 0
p = -3 2p = +14
2p = +6
p = +7
p = +3
(g) PO43- (h) NO-2 i) HCO-3
The net charge is -3 The net charge is -1 The net charge is -1
p + 4(-2) = -3 p + 2(-2) = -1 (+1) + p + 3(-2) = -1
p – 8 = -3 p – 4 = -1 +1 + p - 6 = -1
p = -3 + 8 p = -1 + 4 p – 5 = -1
= +5 = +3 p = +4
Text book / learning task 3.1 Analysing / pg 110

Summary on the difinition of oxidation & reduction

Oxidation Reduction

Gain of oxygen Loss of oxygen

Loss of hydrogen Gain of hydrogen
Loss of electron Gain of electron
Increase in oxidation Decrease in oxidation
number number
 Type of redox reaction

• Change of iron(II) ions, Fe2+ to iron(III), Fe3+ and vice versa

• Displacement of metal from its salt solution.
• Displacement of halogen from its halide solution.
• Transfer of electrons at a distance.
 Analysis of redoxs reaction in:
 Combustion of metal
 Reaction in aqueous solution of Iron (II) ion, Fe2+  Ferum
(III) ion, Fe3+ and Iron(III) ion, Fe 3+  Ferum(II) ion, Fe2+
 Displasement of metal from its salt solution
 Displasement of halogen from its halide solution
 Corrosion of metal
 Rusting of iron
 Extraction of metals
 Chemical cell
 Electrolysis cell
 Transfer of electron at a distance
  Combustion of metals

Persamaan kimia : 2Mg(p) + O2(g)  2MgO

--------pita
magnesium Setengah persamaan (tulis bahan t/b):

Obsevation :
 nyalaan putih berkilauan
 pepejal putih terbentuk
Oxidising agent :
Redusing agent :

*Agen2 terdiri daripada bahan t/b bukan hasil t/b

 Pembakaran logam
Persamaan kimia :
Setengah persamaan (tulis bahan t/b):
----gas oksigen

--------logam
natrium

Pemerhatian Agen [o] :

Agen penurunan :

*Agen2 terdiri daripada bahan t/b bukan hasil t/b

 Pembakaran logam
Persamaan kimia : 4Na(p) + O2(g)  2Na2O
----gas oksigen
Setengah persamaan (tulis bahan t/b):

Na  Na+ + e-
No[o]
--------logam O2 + 4e-  2O2-
natrium No[o]

Pemerhatian : nyalaan putih berkilauan kelihatan

pepejal putih terbentuk

Agen [o] :
Agen penurunan :

*Agen2 terdiri daripada bahan t/b bukan hasil t/b

 Analysis of redoxs reaction in:
 Combustion of metal
 Reaction in aqueous solution of Iron (II) ion, Fe2+  Ferum
(III) ion, Fe3+ and Iron(III) ion, Fe 3+  Ferum(II) ion, Fe2+
 Displasement of metal from its salt solution
 Displasement of halogen from its halide solution
 Corrosion of metal
 Rusting of iron
 Extraction of metals
 Chemical cell
 Electrolysis cell
 Transfer of electron at a distance
 Oxidation of Fe2+  Fe3+
Half equation:(reactant)
1. Oxidation
Air bromin

2. Reduction

3.Overall ionic equation

---larutan
ferum (II)
sulfat

Oxidising Reducing
agent: agent :

*Another oxidizing agent

To confirm the
presence of Fe3+ chlorine water/ chlorine gas/ acidified pottasium
ion: manganate(VII) /acidified pottasium dicromate(VI) solution/
Add NaOH, con.nitric acid/
Brown precipitate
form
 Redusing
agent

Oxidation Fe2+  Fe3+ + e -----1

oxidising
agent
Br2 + 2e  2Br-
2
Reduction -----

3
1 X 2 ---
2Fe2+  2Fe3+ + 2e
2 + 3 Br2 + 2Fe2+  2Br- + 2Fe3+
0 +2 -1 +3

Overall ionic equation

 Oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ - Explanation

•Iron(II) ion loses an electron and is oxidized to iron(III) ion.

Fe2+  Fe3+ + e Half Ionic equation
Oxidation number +2 +3 (Oxidation)

•Each bromine atom accepts one electron and forms bromide ion.
Br2 + 2e  2Br- Half Ionic equation
Oxidation number 0 -1 (Reduction)
Overall ionic equation :
Br2 + 2Fe2+ ----> 2Fe3+ + 2Br -
Oxidation number 0 +2 +3 -1

•Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+. Bromine is the oxidizing agent

•Bromine is reduced to bromide ions. Iron(II) ion is the
reducing agent.

The Fe3+ ions formed react with NaOH to form brown

iron(III) hydroxide precipitate.

Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq)  Fe(OH)3(s)

Brown precipitate
 Reduction of Fe3+  Fe2+

Half equation( reactant):

1. Oxidation:

2.Reduction :

3. Overall ionic equation:

Pemerhatian:

1.
2.
:

Oxidising agent:
To confirm Fe2+ : Reducing agent :
Add NaOH solution
green precipitate *Another reducing agent:
form Aluminium/magnesium/ sulphur dioksida gas/
hidrogen sulfide gas/ stanum(II) klorida solution
 Reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+

(i) Some zinc powder is added to

Result
iron(III) chloride solution. The
mixture is warmed slightly over
Bunsen burner. The brown solution turns light green.

(ii) Then aqueous sodium A green precipitate is formed when NaOH is added.
hydroxide solution is added.
This shows that the Fe3+ ions were reduced to Fe2+
ions.
 Reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+
(i) Some zinc powder is added to
iron(III) chloride solution. The
mixture is warmed slightly over
Bunsen burner.

(ii) Then aqueous sodium hydroxide

solution is added.

Result

The brown solution turns light green.

A green precipitate is formed when NaOH is added.

This shows that the Fe3+ ions were reduced to Fe2+ ions.
 Reduction Fe3+  Fe2+
Half equation (Reactant):

1. Oxidation:

2. Reduction :

3. Overall ionic equation:

Pemerhatian:

1. :
2.
Oxidising agent
Reducing agent:
Change of oxidation number
Ujian pengesahan
kehadiran Fe2+ :
tambahkan NaOH, *Agen2 penurunan lain:
mendakan hijau Aluminium/magnesium/gas sulfur dioksida/gas hidrogen
sulfida/larutan natrium sulfit/larutan stanum(II) klorida
terbentuk
 Analysis of redoxs reaction in:
 Combustion of metal
 Reaction in aqueous solution of Iron (II) ion, Fe2+  Ferum
(III) ion, Fe3+ and Iron(III) ion, Fe 3+  Ferum(II) ion, Fe2+
 Displasement of metal from its salt solution
 Displasement of halogen from its halide solution
 Transfer of electron at a distance
 Corrosion of metal
 Rusting of iron
 Extraction of metals
 Chemical cell
 Electrolysis cell
Displacement of metal from its salt solution

A more electropositive metal can displace a less

electropositive metal from its aqueous salt solution.
K
Na A less electropositive metal cannot displace a more
Ca electropositive metal from its aqueous salt solution.

Mg
Al
Zn
Fe Examples

Sn Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)

Pb Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq)  Cu(s) + MgSO4(aq)

H Zn(s) + FeSO4(aq)  Fe(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
Cu Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq)  No reaction
Ag Pb(s) + ZnSO4(aq)  No reaction
 Easy to release electron
K
Easy to form cation,
Na Easy to undergoes oxidation
Ca Strong redusing agent
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Sn
Pb
H
Cu
Ag
 K
Zn (p) + CuSO4(ak)  ZnSO4 (ak) + Cu(p) Na
Ca
Half equation:
Mg
1. Oxidation
Al
2. Reduction Zn
Fe
3. Overall ionic equation Sn
Pb
4. oxidising agent H
Cu
5. Reducing agent Ag
6. Change of oxidation number of Zn :

7. Change of oxidation number of copper :

Observations

(a) Brown solid is deposited.

(b) The colour of the solution changes from blue to colourless.
(c) The temperature of the mixture increases.
(All displacement reactions are exothermic)
(d) Zinc corrode

Test to confirm :

 -Add excess ammonia (NH3) solution –

 White precipitate formed .soluble in
excess ammonia (NH3) solution
 Analysis of redoxs reaction in:
 Combustion of metal
 Reaction in aqueous solution of Iron (II) ion, Fe2+  Ferum
(III) ion, Fe3+ and Iron(III) ion, Fe 3+  Ferum(II) ion, Fe2+
 Displasement of metal from its salt solution
 Displasement of halogen from its halide solution
 Corrosion of metal
 Rusting of iron
 Extraction of metals
 Chemical cell
 Electrolysis cell
 Transfer of electron at a distance
Displacement of halogen from its halide salt solution
A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halogen from
its aqueous halide solution. A less reactive halogen cannot displace
a more reactive halogen from its aqueous halide solution.
Chlorine Bromine Iodine

More reactive Less reactive

Identifying halogens
2 cm3 of carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) is poured into three separate test tubes.
Chlorine water, bromine water and iodine solution is added to each of the test
tube. The mixture is shaken.(CCl4 is toxic substance – can replace with CH3CCl3
The colour of the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) layer (bottom layer) is recorded.
Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 is also known
as tetrachloromethane

1. Chlorine dissolves in CCl4 to give a

very pale yellow color.
2. Bromine dissolves in CCl4 to give a
brown colour.
3. Iodine dissolves in CCl4 to give a
purple colour.
 Halogen are good electron acceptors & therefore are good oxidizing
agents.

Cl2 + 2KI 2KCl + I2

Oxidation number

Half equation:
Add CH3CCl3
1. Oxidation :
Puple layer form
2. Reduction :

3. Overall ionic equation :

4. Oxidising agent
5 Redusing agent
6. Change in oxidation number
Displacement of halogen from its halide salt solution - Experiment

• 1 cm3 of aqueous potassium iodide solution, 1 cm3 of bromine water and 1 cm3
of CCl4 are added into a test tube, labelled A. The mixture is shaken.

• The experiment is repeated by adding 1 cm3 of aqueous potassium bromide

solution, 1 cm3 of chlorine water and 1 cm3 of CCl4 into another test tube, labelled
B. The mixture is shaken.

Results

Observation in test tube

Test tube
A B

Colour of
Purple Brown
CCl4 layer

Iodine Bromine
Inference
displaced displaced
 Analysis of redoxs reaction in:
 Combustion of metal
 Reaction in aqueous solution of Iron (II) ion, Fe2+  Ferum
(III) ion, Fe3+ and Iron(III) ion, Fe 3+  Ferum(II) ion, Fe2+
 Displasement of metal from its salt solution
 Displasement of halogen from its halide solution
 Transfer of electron at a distance
 Corrosion of metal
 Rusting of iron
 Extraction of metals
 Chemical cell
 Electrolysis cell
 Transfer of electrons at a distance

 In all redox reaction, electron are tranferred

from reducing agent (-ve terminal) to the
oxidizing agent (+ve terminal)
 In this reaction (U-tube) –transfer of electron
occur through the connecting wires & electric
current can be detected by a galvanometer
Elektrod /terminal:
Karbon @ platinum
Elektrod /terminal:
Karbon @ platinum Funtion:
 Transfer of electrons at a distance - Example 1

At electrode X

The bromine molecules surrounding the electrode X accept the

electrons and are reduced to bromide ions.
Br2(aq) + 2e ---> 2Br- ……………(2)
o.n 0 -1 (Reduction)

The colour of the solution changes from brown to colourless.

Overall ionic equation; (1) + (2)
Br2(aq) + 2I-(aq)  I2(aq) + 2Br-(aq)

•Oxidising agent : Bromine Reducing agent : Iodide ions

At electrode Y
Iodide ions loses electrons and are oxidized to brown iodine.

2l(aq)  l2(aq) + 2e ……………(1)

o.n -1 0 (Reduction)

The colour of the solution changes from colourless to brown.

The electrons released by the iodide ions flow from electrode Y to

electrode X along the connecting wires. The presence of iodine after the
reaction can be confirmed by testing the solution with starch solution. A
dark blue colour is obtained.
 Transfer of electrons at a distance - Example 2

At electrode Y

The dichromate(VI) ions accept the electrons and are reduced to

chromium(III) ions.

Cr2O72- + 14H+ +6e  2Cr3+ + 7H2O

o.s +6 +3 (Reduction)

The colour of the solution changes from orange to green (Cr3+).

Overall ionic equation; 6(1) + (2) ……………………………………………….

Oxidising agent : Dichromate(VI) ions Reducing agent : Iron(II) ions

At electrode X

Each iron(II) ion loses one electron and is oxidized to iron(III) ion.

Fe2+(aq)  Fe3+ (aq) + e …………….. (1)

o.n. +2 +3 (Oxidation)

The colour of the solution changes from green (Fe2+) to brown (Fe3+).

The electrons released by the iron(II) ions flow from electrode X to

electrode Y along the connecting wires.
 Analysis of redoxs reaction in:
 Combustion of metal
 Reaction in aqueous solution of Iron (II) ion, Fe2+  Ferum
(III) ion, Fe3+ and Iron(III) ion, Fe 3+  Ferum(II) ion, Fe2+
 Displasement of metal from its salt solution
 Displasement of halogen from its halide solution
 Transfer of electron at a distance
 Corrosion of metal
 Rusting of iron
 Extraction of metals
 Chemical cell
 Electrolysis cell
Corrosion of metals
 Produced : Oxide metal layer
 Corrosion of metal is a redox reaction during corrosion
metal loss electrons to form cation ( positive ions )

M Mn+ + ne-
Zn 
Fe 
Cu 
 Oxidation of metal by reaction with
 air/oxygen
 Electrolyte

 Oxygen received electron

O2 + 4e-  2O2-
H
 Analysis of redoxs reaction in:
 Combustion of metal
 Reaction in aqueous solution of Iron (II) ion, Fe2+  Ferum
(III) ion, Fe3+ and Iron(III) ion, Fe 3+  Ferum(II) ion, Fe2+
 Displasement of metal from its salt solution
 Displasement of halogen from its halide solution
 Transfer of electron at a distance
 Corrosion of metal
 Rusting of iron
 Extraction of metals
 Chemical cell
 Electrolysis cell
 Rusting of Iron

Rusting is a redox reaction.

The iron (Fe) is oxidized to iron(III) ions, (Fe3+) by loss of electrons.

 The oxygen molecules (O2) gained electrons and

are reduced to oxide ions (O2-).
 Fe3+ and O2- react to form Iron(III) oxide or rust.

Rust weakens the structures of cars,

iron railings and ship hulls.

Thus it is essential for us to prevent

rusting.
Rusting of Iron
(Oxidation)
at anode (Reduction) at cthode
 Ways to control rusting of iron

Paint the surface of the iron or apply a layer of grease.

Mix the iron with other metals like chromium to form stainless steel.

Galvanize the iron with a more electropositive metal like zinc.

Electroplate the iron with chromium or tin.

Effect of magnesium and copper on corrosion of iron
1. Three iron nails are cleaned with sand paper.

2. One nail is wrapped with magnesium ribbon and

another with copper foil.

3. The three nails are placed in 3 test tubes as shown

in the diagram.

4. Agar agar solution with some potassium hexacyanoferate(III) and

phenolphthalein solution added are poured into each test tube.

5. The apparatus is left for one day.

Note : The function of potassium hexacyanoferate(III) and phenolphthalein

are to detect the presence of Fe2+ and OH- ions respectively.
 Explanation - Iron and copper pair

Iron which is more electropositive than copper will ionize.

Each iron atom loses two electrons and is oxidized to iron(II) ion.

Fe(s)  Fe2+ (aq) + 2e- (Oxidation)

The Fe2+ ions will react with the potassium hexacyanoferate(III) reagent to
form dark blue precipitate.

The electrons are accepted by the hydrogen ions to form H2 gas resulting in
a net increase of OH- ions which turn phenolphthalein indicator red.

2H+ + 2e-  H2 (Reduction)

Conclusion
If iron is paired with a less electropositive metal like copper, its rate of
corrosion increases.
 Explanation - Iron and magnesium pair

Magnesium metal which is more electropositive than iron, will ionize. Each
magnesium atom loses two electrons and is oxidized to magnesium ion.
Mg(s)  Mg2+ (aq) + 2e- (Oxidation)
The Mg2+ ions do not react with the potassium hexacyanoferate(III) ions
to form dark blue precipitate.
Water ionizes partially to H+ and OH- ions.
The electrons are accepted by the hydrogen ions to form hydrogen gas.
2H+ + 2e  H2(g) (Reduction)
As the H+ ions are discharged, there is a net increase in OH- ions.

The hydroxide ions then turn phenolphthalein indicator to pink colour.

As magnesium is very electropositive, it ionizes fast, resulting in the
formation of a large quantity of hydroxide ions.
Thus the intensity of the pink colour is high.

Conclusion
When iron is paired with a more electropositive metal, the iron will not corrode or
the rate of rusting decreases.
 Application

In underground iron or steel The steel in ships are prevented

pipes, blocks of magnesium are from corrosion by strapping
buried close to it and connected blocks of zinc metal to the ship
to the pipe by wire. When the Mg hull. The Zn which is more
metal is used up it is replaced. electropositive will corrode first.

Zink
blocks
 Al, K, Na have very reactivity therefore
exist as compounds in nature

 Common compound is metal oxide:

metal + oxygen metal oxide

 The more reactive a metal is towards oxygen, the

more vigorously its burns in oxygen

 So, by observing how vigorously the metals react

with O2, we can arrange the metals according to
their reactivity towards the oxygen.
 Electrochemical Reactivity series of
series metal
A series of electrodes or half cells arranged in
order of their increasing standard oxidation
Lebih reaktif t/b
potentials or in the decreasing order of their K
standard reduction potentials is called as dengan O2
electromotive force series or electrochemical Na
series
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Sn
Pb
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au
 Comparing the reactivity of metals

We can compare the reactivity of metals by burning them in oxygen and

observing the vigour of the reactions.

The metal powders are heated strongly

first followed by heating of the
potassium permanganate.

When heated, KMnO4 decomposes to

oxygen gas which then reacts with the
hot metal powders.

The function of the glass wool is to

prevent the KMnO4 powder from mixing
with the hot metal powders.
 Comparing the reactivity of metals – Experimental result and conclusion

Colour of metal oxide when.

Metals Observation
Hot Cold
Burns very
Magnesium White White
brightly

Copper Glows brightly Black Black

Zinc Burns brightly Yellow White

Lead Glows brightly Brown Yellow

Conclusion
The reactivity of metals decreases from Mg, Zn, Pb, Cu
 Carbon and hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals

Carbon is less reactive than magnesium and aluminium. Thus carbon cannot
reduce aluminium oxide.

Carbon dioxide is used in fire extinguishers. However this

type of fire extinguisher cannot put off fires of reactive metals
like magnesium.

Magnesium which is more reactive can remove oxygen from

oxygen
CO2 and continue to burn.
1. 2Mg(s) + CO2(g)  2MgO(s) + C(s)

Hydrogen is below Zn
Thus the metals above hydrogen can remove oxygen from
steam forming hydrogen gas.

Example
Zn + H2O (g)  ZnO + H2 (g)
Mg can also reduce steam.
 Analysis of redoxs reaction in:
 Combustion of metal
 Reaction in aqueous solution of Iron (II) ion, Fe2+  Ferum
(III) ion, Fe3+ and Iron(III) ion, Fe 3+  Ferum(II) ion, Fe2+
 Displasement of metal from its salt solution
 Displasement of halogen from its halide solution
 Transfer of electron at a distance
 Corrosion of metal
 Rusting of iron
 Extraction of metals
 Chemical cell
 Electrolysis cell
loga Bijih Nama biasa bg Sebatian dlm bijih
m logam bijih logam logam
Besi Bijih besi Hematit Besi (III)
oksida,Fe2O3
Tima Bijih Kasiterit Stanum (IV) oksida,
h timah SnO2
Natri Bijih Garam batu Natrium klorida,
um natrium NaCl
Position of Hydrogen in The Reactivity Series
of Metals. The position of hydrogen in
the reactivity series of metal can also be
determined based on its ability to
displace oxygen from metal oxides.
... Hydrogen can reduce iron (II) oxide,
Fe2O3 to form iron, Fe and water.
Non metal element, C also react with
oxygen
K
• C(p) + O2 (g)  CO2(g)
Na
Ca
If C >reactive than metal X, Mg
Flame or glow produced when the mixture C Al
and metal oxide X is heated. Zn
C reduced oxide metal X to metal X. Fe
Sn
Pb
2ZnO + C  2Zn + CO2
Cu
Hg
C can reduced ZnO to Zn, Ag
so C is located under Zn in reactivity series Au
 K
If C < reaktif than metal X, Na
Flame or glow did not observed when Ca
mixture C and oxide metal X is heated. Mg
Al
Zn
Al2O3 + C 
Fe
Sn
C cannot reduced Al2O3, Pb
So C is located below Al in reactivity Cu
series Hg
Ag
Au
 K
POSITION K
Na
Na

OF C IN THE Ca
Ca
Mg
REACTIVITY Mg
Al
Al

SERIES Zn
C
Zn
Fe
Fe
Sn
Sn
Pb
Pb
Cu
Cu
Hg
Hg
Ag
Ag
Au
Au
 Non Metal element, H also can react with
oxygen.
 Combustion of Hydrogen in oxygen K
produced blue flame to produced water. Na
Ca
Mg
• 2H2(g) + O2 (g)  2H2O(ce)
Al
If H >reactive than metal X, C
Glow observed when hydrogen gas is flow on Zn
hot metal oxide X . Fe
H reduced oxide metal X to metal X. Sn
Pb
Cu
FeO + H2  Fe + H2O
Hg
H can reduced FeO to Fe,
Ag
So H is located under Fe in reactivity series. Au
If H <reactive than metal X,
Observation: K

No change - when H2 gas is pass Na

through on hot metal X Ca

Mg
Al
ZnO + H2  C
Zn
H2 cannot reduced ZnO, Fe
So H is located below Zn in reactivity Sn
series Pb
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au
 K
K
Na
KEDUDUKAN Na
Ca
Ca

HIDROGEN Mg
Mg
Al
DLM SIRI Al
C
C
KEREAKTIFAN Zn
Zn
H
LOGAM Fe
Fe
Sn
Sn
Pb
Pb
Cu
Cu
Hg
Hg
Ag
Ag
Au
Au
 K
Element Y > H can reduced water/stim Na
to H2. (pengecualian : Fe) Ca
Mg
Element Y < H cannot react with Al
stim/water Zn
H
Fe
Sn
Pb
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au
 K
Can react with cold water Na
Ca
Mg
Al
Only can react with stim Zn
(H)
Fe
Sn
Pb
Cu
cannot react with cold water/stim Hg
Ag
Au
Application of the reactivity series in the
extraction of metals
• Only a few metal such as Pt, Au & Ag are
found free in nature.
• Other metals have to be extracted from their
ores.
• The method depends on the reactivity of the
metal
Summarises the methods of
extracting metals from their
ores

CARBON

HEATING STRONGLY
WITH CARBON

HEATING DIRECTLY IN
AIR

EXIST AS FREE
METALS
 Extraction of tin - Explanation

Stage Explanation
Carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide.
C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g)
1 Carbon dioxide is also formed when limestone decomposes on
heating.
CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)

CO2 gas rises up the furnace and reacts with more carbon to
2 form carbon monoxide.
CO2(g) + C(s)  2CO(g)

The carbon monoxide reduces tin(II) oxide to tin.

SnO(s) + CO(g)  Sn(l) + CO2(g)
3
The molten tin which is heavy will settle to the bottom of the
furnace and is removed.

The calcium oxide reacts with sand (SiO2) to form molten slag
4 which floats on top of the molten tin. It is used to build road.
CaO(s) + SiO2(s)  CaSiO3(l) (slag)
 Analysis of redoxs reaction in:
 Combustion of metal
 Reaction in aqueous solution of Iron (II) ion, Fe2+  Ferum
(III) ion, Fe3+ and Iron(III) ion, Fe 3+  Ferum(II) ion, Fe2+
 Displasement of metal from its salt solution
 Displasement of halogen from its halide solution
 Transfer of electron at a distance
 Corrosion of metal
 Rusting of iron
 Extraction of metals
 Chemical cell
 Electrolysis cell