ATOMIC STRUCTURE,

CHEMICAL BONDING,
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Learning Outcomes:
- ***Describe the atomic structure.
- ***Illustrate the chemical bonding and different types of chemical reactions.
DEFINITION

 An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the identity of

that element.
 Atoms are the building blocks from which molecules are made.
 A molecule is the smallest unit of a pure substance that can exist
independently and exhibit all the properties of the substance.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ATOMS

 Atoms can be broken down into electrons, protons, and neutrons. Protons and
neutrons can be broken down into quarks.
 In any element, all atoms have the same number of protons. Atoms of an
element with different number of neutrons are called isotopes.
 Atoms of different elements are different.
 Atoms of two or more elements can be combined to form compounds.
 The atomic weight of an element reflects the weighted average of all its
isotropic forms.
 Atoms of elements in a compound combine in a constant ratio.
 EXAMPLE OF AN ATOMIC STRUCTURE

The protons and neutrons exist in a dense core at the center of the atom.
This is called the nucleus.
The electrons are spread out around the edge of the atom. They orbit the
nucleus in layers called shells.
Valence is the last layer of electrons.
COMPOSITION OF AN ATOM

Particle Charge Symbol Electrical Relative Atomic

Charge Mass (amu) Mass (g)
Proton +1 p or p+ 1+ 1 amu 1.672 x10-24

Neutron 0 n or no none 1 amu 1.675x10-24

Electron -1 e or e- none 1/1836 9.107x10-28

NOTE : 1 amu = 1.661 x 10-24 g

An amu is defined as one-twelfth of the mass of a

carbon-12 atom, a standard with which the mass of every
other atom is compared.
Since the number of protons in an
atom does not change, fewer or extra
electrons can create a special atom
called an ion.
Cations have fewer electrons and have
a positive charge.
Anions have extra electrons that
create a negative charge.
Scientist Discovery Date

John Dalton Matter was composed of Early 1800s

particles called atoms
Joseph John Thompson Electrons 1897
Ernest Rutherford Proton ; mass is 1836 1919
(Thompson’s student) times greater than the
mass of an electron
James Chadwick Neutron ; suggested 1932
that there was a strong
force that held the
neutons and protons
together in the nucleus
or center of the atom
Niels Bohr He developed an atomic 1915
model with electrons
organized in energy
shells around a nucleus
of protons and
neutrons.
PERIODIC TABLE
ELEMENTS
 Group 1 (Alkali Metals)
 Group 2 ( Alkaline Metals)
 Groups 3-12 (Transition Metals)
 Groups 13-16 ( Mixed groups : metalloids, metals and nonmetals)
 Group 17 (Halogens)
 Group 18 (Noble gases)
 ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

Example 1 : Sodium has 11 electrons, so the electron arrangement

is 2,8,1.

Example 2 : Chlorine has 17 electrons, so the electron configuration

is 2, 8, 7.
Example on how to find the values of
subatomic particles

 Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but a different
number of neutrons.
 The atomic weight of an element is the weighted average of all isotopes of
the element. Because it is an average, the atomic weight of an element is not
a whole number.
 Atomic mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom.
 The atomic number = the number of protons.
 In a neutral atom, the number of protons is also the total number of
electrons orbiting the nucleus. Thus, it has no charge.
Symbol Atomic Electron Configuration Valence Valence Symbol for Ion
Number Electrons

Na 11 1s22s22p63s1 1 +1 Na+1

Mg 12 1s22s22p63s2 2 +2 Mg+2

F 9 1s22s22p5 7 -1 F-1

S 16 1s22s22p63s23p4 6 -2 S-2

Al 13 1s22s22p63s23p1 3 +3 Al+3

Ne 10 1s22s22p6 8 0 No ion

OCTET RULE:
1. Atoms with less than four valence electrons tend to give up
electrons. The number of electrons given up by an atom is
its positive valence.
2. Atoms with more than four valence electrons tend to
accept electrons to satisfy the octet rule. The number of
electrons taken up or gained by an atom is its negative
valence.
 Example : How many neutrons are in an average atom of chlorine?
 Solution : Atomic number of chlorine = 17. Thus, the number of protons = 17
Atomic weight = 35.45 (NOTE: round 35.45 to 35)
Atomic mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
Number of neutrons = 35 – 17 = 18.