Discipline

of
Anthropolo
gy
 Greek Word
Anthropos
(human) Logos
(study)
It is a social science discipline which includes everything
about human – from their biological and evolutionary past, to
ways of life and traditions that they uphold
 THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
 The Rise of Empires and States

Greek who’s widely

accepted as one of
the forerunners of
anthropology because
of his works on the
culture of the
people under the
Herodotus Persian empire.
(484 – 420 BCE)
The Rise of Empires and States

When Greeks
defeated
Persians in 479
BCE, Herodotus
encountered
plurality of
cultures and
people.
 The Rise of Empires and States

Western Civilizations Eastern Civilizations

 The Rise of Empires and States
He examined the
social,
psychological and
economic factors
that led the rise of
ancient
civilizations in the
Mediterranean.
Ibn Khaldun
(14th Century)
 The Rise of Empires and States

He used scientific
approach and he also
based his argument
on logical reasoning
and detailed
documentation of the
traits of the
Ibn Khaldun
civilizations.
(14th Century)
 Dawn of Colonialism and Imperialism

• European Explorers
seek new
territories.
• Western – Centric
Analysis and
Eurocentric View.
Age of Exploration
15th – 18th Century
 Dawn of Colonialism and Imperialism

In his book
Discourse on
Inequality he said
that “Primitive
societies” can later
on be expected to
progress toward the
Jean Jacques Rousseau stage of civilized
1712 – 1778 societies, just like
 Dawn of Colonialism and Imperialism

He argued that the

morality of the
“primitive”
societies is
characterized by
peace and harmony,
in contrast to that
Jean Jacques Rousseau of the civilized
1712 – 1778 European society.
 Dawn of Colonialism and Imperialism

He germinated the
term noble savage,
which would pervade
the discourses in
the discipline of
anthropology until
the 20th century.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
1712 – 1778
Dawn of Colonialism and Imperialism

Global powers
situated in Europe
(Belgium, England,
France, Portugal,
Spain and the
Netherlands) were
in the race to
extend their
18th – 19th Century political and
economic control
 Important personalities of
anthropology
Father of Cultural
Anthropology

He defined
anthropology as the
“science of culture”.

Edward Burnett Tyler

1832 - 1917
 Important personalities of
anthropology

Culture is that
complex whole which
includes knowledge,
belief, art. Morals,
law, custom, and any
other capabilities
and habits acquired
Edward Burnett Tylorby man as a member of
1832 - 1917 society.
 Important personalities of
anthropology

In his work primitive

culture on 1871, he
introduced the
concept of unilineal
cultural evolution.

Edward Burnett Tylor

1832 - 1917
 Important personalities of
anthropology

He explained the that

modern forms of
religion present in
civilized societies
are mere “survivals”
of past cultures.
Edward Burnett Tylor
1832 - 1917
 Important personalities of
anthropology

A lawyer by training
and profession, who
became fascinated
with the disputes
between the United
States government and
American Indian
people known as theLewis Henry Morgan
Iroqious. 1818 - 1881
 Important personalities of
anthropology

He embraced the
Darwanist approach.
His version of
social/cultural
evolution presents
three stages of
societal development
based on theLewis Henry Morgan
progression of 1818 - 1881
 Important personalities of
anthropology

These three stages

are savagery,
barbarism, and
civilization.

Lewis Henry Morgan

1818 - 1881
 Important personalities of
anthropology

Savage societies are

those chiefly
utilizing crude
technology like fire,
bow and pottery.

Lewis Henry Morgan

1818 - 1881
 Important personalities of
anthropology

Barbaric societies
are defined by the
practice of
metallurgy,
domestication of
animals, and
agriculture. Lewis Henry Morgan
1818 - 1881
 Important personalities of
anthropology

Civilized societies
are characterized by
development and a
system of writing.

Lewis Henry Morgan

1818 - 1881
 Important personalities of
anthropology

In his evolutionary
stance on societal
development, he argued
that culture is not a
by-product of a human
group’s physical
characteristics but
Franz Boas affected by various
1858 - 1942 factors like
 Important personalities of
anthropology

He gave importance to
actual fieldwork
rather than the
armchair anthropology.

Franz Boas
1858 - 1942
 Important personalities of
anthropology
FATHER OF AMERICAN
ANTHROPOLOGY

• He considered
archaeology,
biological,
cultural, and
linguistic data to
Franz Boas understand culture.
1858 - 1942
 Important personalities of
anthropology
FATHER OF AMERICAN
ANTHROPOLOGY
• Developed the theory
of historical
particularism.
• Founded the first
department of
anthropology in the
Franz Boas United States at
1858 - 1942 Columbia University.
 Important personalities of
anthropology
FATHER OF AMERICAN
ANTHROPOLOGY

• He trained future
influential scholars
of the discipline.

Franz Boas
1858 - 1942
 THE FIELDS OF
ANTHROPOLOG
Y
Biological/physical anthropology

It is a field that
is engaged in
understanding
humans and their
nature as an animal
 Linguistic Anthropology

It examines the relationships

of the language and culture of
a group of people.
 Linguistic Anthropology
Subfields of Linguistic
Anthropology
Historical
Linguistics Social
Linguistics
Descriptive
Linguistics
 Cultural Anthropology

Studies the
life ways and
traditions of
human groups
which may
include their
belief
systems,
economic
activites,
Key concepts
of
anthropology
 EVOLUTIONISM

Charles Darwin argued that the

species develop through time due
to responses made toward the
changes in the environment.
 Cultural relativism

This promotes a value-free

analysis of other cultures as the
anthropologist understand the
culture of a society based on the
local context adhered to by
people, in stark context of
ethnocentrism.
 Culture

The totality of
the life ways of
a group of
people which may
include their
tradition,
beliefs, norms,
and mores that
guide the
people’s
behavior within
RESEARCH METHODS IN ANTHROPOLOGY
ETHNOGRAPHY

This method helps

the
anthropologists
describes a
culture or one of
its segments,
based on
interviews, and
through
participation and
Key informant interview

The researchers
collects data from
individuals who
are knowledgeable
in the topic.
Participant observation method

It entails the
process of actual
duty encounters
with the locals of
an anthropologists
area of study.
Current Application of Anthropology
Forensic anthropology

It is concerned
with the
identification
of
unrecognizable
remains of human
that may have
been burned,
mutilated, or
decomposed.
 Medical anthropology

It is concerned
with the process
by which culture
influences
people’s ways of
seeking health
care and well-
being
Public anthropology

Finds its
significance as
it allows the
general
population to
access
anthropological
explanations to
issues the