Shreyas Pai

Symbiosis
Close and long-term biological interaction between
two different biological organisms
 Mutualism (+,+)

Clownfish - Sea anemone Ant - Acacia Darwin’s hawk moth - Orchid

Yucca moth - Yucca Red-billed oxpecker - Impala

 Commensalism (+,0)

Cattle egret - Cattle Remora - Shark

Epiphyte - Tree

Turtle - Barnacle Mite - Beetle

 Ammensalism (-,0)

Cattle - Grass
Penicillium - Gram Positive
Bacteria

Black Walnut - (nearby plant)

 Competition (-,-)

Interspecific Intraspecific
 Parasitism (+,-)

Sacculina - Crab Braconid wasp - Tomato Tongue-eating louse - Fish

hornworm

Head lice - Human Plasmodium - Human

Predation (+,-)
Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiotic Theory
DNA in Cells
Chromatin
Nucleosome
Euchromatin vs Heterochromatin
(High GC) (High AT)
Cell Cycle
Interphase
S phase
Homologous chromosomes
Centrioles
9+0 arrangement
Mitosis
At which end do kinetochore microtubules
shorten during anaphase?
Shape of Chromatids at Anaphase
Cytokinesis
Meiosis
Meiosis I
Prophase I
Crossing Over
Meiosis II
Mendel’s back
 Independent Assortment
Mendel's law of independent assortment states that the alleles of
two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently
of one another.
Exceptions to Mendel’s Law of
Independent Assortment

Linkage Epistasis
What really is “independent
assortment”?
Linkage
Why?
Lucky Mendel?
Recombinant Frequency
Gene Mapping
The Fly Room

Columbia University
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/classical-
genetics/chromosomal-basis-of-genetics/a/discovery-of-the-chromosomal-
 Epistasis
Epistasis is the phenomenon where the effect of one gene
(locus) is dependent on the presence of one or more 'modifier
genes', i.e. the genetic background.

https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/epistasis-gene-interaction- http://www.biologydiscussion.com/genetics/gene-
and-phenotype-effects-460/
 Recessive epistasis
Supplementary genes

When recessive
alleles at one locus
Coat Colour in
mask the expression
Mice
of both (dominant
and recessive) alleles
at another locus, it is
known as recessive
epistasis.
 Duplicate recessive epistasis

Flower Colour
in Sweet Pea
When recessive alleles at either of the two loci can mask the expression of
dominant alleles at the two loci, it is called duplicate recessive epistasis.
 Dominant Epistasis
Fruit Colour in WwYy
Summer Squash
When a dominant allele at one locus can mask the expression of
both alleles (dominant and recessive) at another locus, it is
known as dominant epistasis.

http://mol-
biol4masters.masters.grkraj.org/html/Gene_
Duplicate dominant epistasis

15:1
When a dominant allele at either of two loci can mask the expression
of recessive alleles at the two loci, it is known as duplicate dominant
epistasis.
 Dominant inhibitory epistasis
Inhibitory genes

Anthocyanin
pigmentation in
Rice

13:3
A dominant allele at one locus can mask the expression of
both (dominant and recessive) alleles at second locus.

‘P’ gene produces purple colour while its recessive ‘p’

green colour. Another dominant gene ‘I’ which
produces green colour in rice plants, inhibits or
prevents the colour production by ‘P’ when both ‘I’ and
‘P’ are present together.

I P
 Additive genes
Polymeric genes

Fruit Shape in
Summer Squash

9:6:1
 Collaborator genes

Rose and Pea

Comb in Poultry

9:3:3:1
 Important Ratios
• Complete dominance - 3:1 (1:2:1)
• Incomplete dominance - 1:2:1 (1:2:1)
• Codominance - 1:2:1 (1:2:1)
• Lethal genes - 2:1
• Independent assortment - 9:3:3:1
• Supplementary genes (recessive epistasis) - 9:3:4
• Complementary genes (duplicate recessive epistasis) -
9:7
• Dominant epistasis - 12:3:1
• Duplicate genes (duplicate dominant epistasis) - 15:1
• Inhibitory genes (dominant inhibitory epistasis) - 13:3
• Additive genes (polymeric genes) - 9:6:1
• Collaborator genes - 9:3:3:1
Thanks!