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•Automatic generation control AnIntroduction

•The need of Automatic GenerationControl
•Reasons for limiting frequencydeviations
•Automatic generation control (Blockdiagram)
•Automatic voltage regulator(AVR)
•Automatic load frequencycontrol(ALFC)
•Exciter modelling
•Generator modeling
•Speed governing system
•Future work

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In an electric power system, automatic
generation control (AGC) is a system for
adjusting the power output of multiple
generators at different power plants, in
response to changes in the load. Since a
power grid requires that generation and load
closely balance moment by moment, frequent
adjustments to the output of generators are
necessary. The balance can be judged by
measuring the system frequency; if it is
increasing, more power is being generated
than used, which causes all the machines in
the system to accelerate. If the system
frequency is decreasing, more load is on the
system than the instantaneous generation can
provide, which causes all generators to slow
down.
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The Need of Automatic Generation Control
As our development has increased,
there has been a higher demand of
electrical power loads both on industrial
and domestic scale. As the number
increases, it is also imperative to
manage load properly since a failure to
do so results in frequency fluctuation
and voltage drops.
An effective regulatory strategy is
available in the form of
•Automatic Voltage Regulator
Systems (AVR) and
•Automatic Load Frequency Control
(ALFC)
The main function of ALFC system is
to assess and rectify the power and
frequency while that of AVR system is
to regulate voltage and reactive power.
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REASONS FOR LIMITING FREQUENCY DEVIATIONS

There are few reasons as to why there should be strict limitations on

frequency deviations and keeping the system frequency constant. They
are as follows:

•The three phase a.c. motors running speed are directly proportional to
the frequency. So the variation of system frequency will directly affect the
motor performance.

•The blades of the steam turbine and the water turbines are designed to
operate at a particular speed and the frequency variations will cause
change in the speed. This will lead to excessive vibration and cause
damage to the turbine blades.

•The frequency error may produce havoc in the digital storage and
retrieval process.

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AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL (BLOCK DIAGRAM)

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Automatic Voltage Regulator(AVR)

The exciter is the main

component in the AVR loop. It
delivers the DC power to the
generator field. It must have
adequate power capacity and
sufficient speed of response.
The basic role of the AVR is to
provide constancy of the
generator terminal voltage
during normal and slow
changes in the load.

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Exciter Modelling:
Mathematical modelling of the exciter and its controls follows:

 |V |ref  |V | e
and
vR  KAe
where K A is amplifier gain
Laplace Transformation of these two equationsyields
 |V |ref (s)   |V | (s)  e(s)
and vR (s)
G A K
e(s)
A

where GA is amplifier transfer function

In reality the amplifier will have a delay that can be represented by a time constant TA
and its transfer function will then be of the form
vR (s) KA
GA  
e(s) 1 sT A

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If R e and Le represent respectively the resistance and inductance of the exciter field
we have for voltage equilibrium in thelatter

vR  Reie
L d (i ) e
e
dt
Measured across the main field the exciter produces K1armature volts per ampere of
field current ie, that is, we have the proportionality
v f  K1ie
Upon Laplace Transformation of the last two equations and elimination of ie we
obtain the transfer function of theexciter
vf (s) Ke
Ge  
vR (s) 1 sTe
Le
where K e
K1 and Te
Re Re

The time constants TA and Te have values in the ranges 0.02-0.10 and 0.5-1.0seconds
respectively.

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 Comparator
 | V|ref e Amplifier
VR Exciter V f
Ke

KA
1 sTA 1 sTe

K
Ke  1
V Re
Le
Te
Re

Linear model of the comparator-amplifier-exciter portion of AVR loop

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 Generator Modeling:

We need to close the loop in fig. by establishing the missing dynamic link between the
field voltage and the generator terminal voltage equals the internal emf minus the
voltage drop across the internal impedance it is clear that the relationship between
and depends on the generator loading. The simplest possible relationship exists at low
or zero loading in which case Vequals approximately the internal emf .

 |V |ref e Amplifier VR Exciter V f Generator

V
Kf
 KA
1 sTA
Ke
1 sTe 1 sTdo
K1
Ke  L
Te e
Re R e
V
Sensor
KR
1 TR s

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where

Tdo  open circuit time constant

Lff
Tdo 
Rf
L ff  rotor winding self inductance
Rf  rotor winding resistance

Tdo typically have values in the range 5-10 seconds

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MATLAB Simlation of AVR

Amplifier KA=10 TA=0.1

Exciter Ke=1 Te=0.4
Generator Kf=1 Tdo=0.2
Sensor Kr=2 Tr=0.05

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AUTOMATIC LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL(ALFC)

The basic role of ALFC is :

•To maintain desired megawatt output of a generator unit matching
with the changing load
•To assist in controlling the frequency of larger interconnection
•To keep the net interchange power between pool members at the
predetermined value

The ALFC loop will maintain control only during normal (small and
slow) changes in load and frequency. It is typically unable to provide
adequate control during emergency situations, when large megawatt
imbalance occur. Then more drastic emergency control must be
applied.

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SPEED GOVERNI`NG SYSTEM

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The system consists of the followingcomponents:
I. Fly ball speed governor
II. Hydraulic amplifier
III. Linkage mechanism
IV. Speed changer

I. Fly ball speed governor:

This is the heart of the system which
senses the change in speed frequency.
As the speed increases the fly balls
move outwards and the point B on
linkage mechanism moves downwards.
The reverse happens when the speed
decreases

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II.Hydraulic amplifier:
It comprises a pilot valve and main piston arrangement. Low power level pilot
valve movement is converted into high power level piston valve movement. This
is necessary in order to open or close the steam valve against high pressure
steam.

III.Linkage mechanism:
ABC is a rigid link pivoted at B and CDE is another rigid link pivoted at D.
This link mechanism provides a movement to the control valve in proportion
to change in speed. It also provides a feedback from the steam valve
movement

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IV. Speed changer:
It provides a steady state power output setting
for the turbine. Its downward movement opens
the upper pilot valve so that more steam is
admitted to the turbine under steady
conditions. The e reverse happens for upward
movement of speed changer

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 Modeling of Automatic Load Frequency Control

PD (s)
YE (s) Pt (s)  Pg (s)
Pc (s) Speed Governer Turbine Generator Load
Kt K ps
F (s)
 Ksg
 1Tps s
1 Tsg s 1 Tt s

Sensor
1
R

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MATLAB Simlation of ALFC

Speed Governor Ksg=1 Tsg=0.2

Turbine Kt=1 Tt=0.5
Generator Load Kps=1 Tps=10
Sensor R=0.05

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