DUCTED FUEL INJECTION FOR SOOT

ATTENUATION IN DIRECT INJECTION

ENGINES

PRESENTED BY GUIDE

AKHIL SAJEEV FARAZ P JUNAID

B16MEA07 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
TKM16ME008 T K M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

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 CONTENTS

Introduction
Important Terms
Experimental Setup
Results And Discussion
Challenges Of Ducted Injection
Advantages
Summary
Conclusion
References

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INTRODUCTION

• 90% of major powertrain is liquid fuel powered ICE

• Engine emissions have series impact on

environment

• Emissions include both gaseous and solid state

products

• Fuel injection is a critical parameter that influences

the engine efficiencies and emissions

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DIRECT INJECTION

Direct injection in to combustion chamber

Radial entrainment of air
Rich fuel-charge mixture in autoignition zone

Fig 3 Direct Injection system

Klaus S Oppenauer and Daniel Alberer , Soot formation and
oxidation mechanism during diesel combustion

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STAGES IN DIESEL COMBUSTION

• Ignition Delay Period

• Premixed Combustion Phase
• Mixing Controlled Combustion Phase
• Late Combustion Phase

Fig 1 Stages of diesel combustion

Ahmed Abdul Moiz, Low temperature split
injection spray combustion: Ignition,
Flame Stabilization and Soot Formation
characteristics in diesel engine
conditions(2019)
• f

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 DISADVANTAGES OF DIRECT
INJECTION
Soot Formation
Exhaust Emissions
Improper distribution of fuel

Engine Load 40% 20% 0%

Soot Minimum 1.41 * 10-8 1.91 * 10-9 1.12 * 10-9
Maximum 2.02 * 10-8 3.03 * 10-9 1.72 * 10-9
Average 1.66 * 10-8 2.47 * 10-9 1.43 * 10-9

Table 1 Total Soot Mass value for different engine load

Fadzli Ibrahim, Wan Mohd Faizal Wan Mahmood, Shahrir Abdullah, Mohd Radzi Abu Mansor, study on soot mass fraction and size distribution
direct injection diesel engine(2018)
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SOOT DYNAMICS DURING
COMBUSTION

Formation of soot
Oxidation of soot

𝑑𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑚𝑆𝐹 𝑑𝑚𝑆𝑂

 = − −
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡𝐸𝐹
𝑑𝑚𝑆𝐹 .5 𝑑𝑚𝐵
 0
= 𝐴𝐹. 𝑝 . 𝑒 𝑅𝑇
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑑𝑡
𝐸0
𝑑𝑚𝑆𝑂 .8
 1
= 𝐴𝑂. 𝑂2. 𝑝 . 𝑒 𝑅𝑇 . msoot
𝑑𝑡

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SOOT FORMATION AND MECHANISM

COMBUSTION STAGES OF SOOT FORMATION

• Phase 1: premixed combustion with low soot formation
• Phase 2: non-premixed combustion with low soot formation
• Phase 3: non-premixed combustion with high soot formation

Fig 4 Phases of combustion

Klaus S Oppenauer and Daniel Alberer , Soot formation and 8

oxidation mechanism during diesel combustion 8/21

What does Ducted Injection mean?

• Injecting fuel through a small tube

• Enhance fuel/charge gas mixing
• Leaner mixture in autoignition zone

Fig 2 Schematic of ducted fuel injection concept

R.K. Gehmlich, C.J. Mueller, D.J. Ruth, C.W. Nilsen, S.A. Skeen, J. Manin (2018) 9
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IMPORTANT TERMS
• Ignition Delay : Delay between start of fuel
injection and start of combustion
• Lift-off Length : Axial distance between orifice
and autoignition zone
• Diffused Back Illumination : Light reflected back from
diffused mass of soot
• Natural Luminescence Movies: Images based on temperature
of soot
• Chemiluminescence Movies : Images based on high
temperature chemical reactions

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EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

• Focused on mixing controlled combustion ignition

engines
• A constant volume combustion vessel is used
• Duct geometries used:
 α-duct
 β-duct
 γ-duct
 δ -duct
Fig 5 Duct Geometries
R.K. Gehmlich, C.J. Mueller, D.J. Ruth, C.W. Nilsen,
S.A. Skeen, J. Manin (2018)
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OPTICAL DIAGNOSTICS

Fig 6 Optical Diagnostics Setup 12

R.K. Gehmlich, C.J. Mueller, D.J. Ruth, C.W. Nilsen, S.A. Skeen, J. Manin (2018) 12/21
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

DIFFUSED BACK ILLUMINATION IMAGES

Used for
quantification of soot
Relates the amount
of light that has been
absorbed or scattered
by soot cloud to total
soot mass
𝐼
𝐼0=𝑒 −𝐾𝐿
m = C ʃʃ dx dy

Fig 7 Image frames from diffused back illumination movies

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
NATURAL LUMINOSITY IMAGES

 Radiation emitted
by a body
 Measure of
presence of high
temperature soot
and high
concentrations

Fig 8 Image Frames From Natural Luminosity Movies

R.K. Gehmlich, C.J. Mueller, D.J. Ruth, C.W. Nilsen, S.A. Skeen, J. Manin (2018) 14
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHEMILUMINESCENCE IMAGES

 Measure of OH*
which is indicator of
high temperature
chemical reactions
 At lower temperature
extending the lift of
length reduces soot
formation

Fig 9 Image Frames from OH* Chemiluminescence Movies

R.K. Gehmlich, C.J. Mueller, D.J. Ruth, C.W. Nilsen, S.A. Skeen, J. Manin (2018)
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
COMPARISON OF DUCT GEOMETRIES

 Soot mass is
lower for β
and δ
geometries
 Rounding
and tapering
entry and
exit produces
greater
turbulence

Fig 10 Comparison α vs Other Duct geometries

R.K. Gehmlich, C.J. Mueller, D.J. Ruth, C.W. Nilsen, S.A. Skeen, J. Manin (2018)

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CHALLENGES OF DUCTED INJECTION

• Duct Packing

• Optimal Duct/Spray Alignment

• Spray Interactions

• Durability

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ADVANTAGES

Preventing Soot Formation

Lowering Nox Emissions

Lowering Hydrocarbon Emissions

Lowering Carbon Monoxide Emissions

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SUMMARY

• Direct Injection

• Soot Formation And Mechanism

• Experimental Setup

• Results And Discussion

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CONCLUSION

DFI can drastically reduce soot formation under

mixing controlled combustion conditions .DFI is a
key technology for future engines it is an effective
simple mechanical approach for attenuating soot and
other emissions
Rounding duct ends further reduces soot levels

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 REFERENCES

1. Charles J. Mueller, Christopher W. Nilsen, Daniel J. Ruth, Ryan K. Gehmlich,

Lyle M. Pickett, and Scott A. Skeen. “Ducted Fuel Injection-A New Approach
for Lowering Soot Emissions from Direct-Injection Engines” Applied Energy
226 (2018) 1169-1186.
2. Fadzli Ibrahim , Shahrir Abdullah , Mohd Radzi Abu Mansor. “ Study on soot
mass fraction and size distribution in a direct injection diesel engine”
Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications (2018)
3. Klaus S Oppenauer, Daniel Alberer. “Soot formation and oxidation
mechanisms during diesel combustion-Analysis and Modelling impacts”
International Journal of engine Research (2018)
4. R K Gehmlich, C J Mueller, D J Ruth, C W Nilsen, S A Skeen , J Manin. “Using
ducted fuel injection to attenuate soot formation in mixing-controlled
combustion strategies for engine applications” Applied energy 226
(2018) 1169-1186
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