DSBSC

Double Side Band

Suppressed Carrier

1
 Out of 100% modulation, about 67% of the
total power is required for transmitting the
carrier which does not contain any
information. So carrier is eliminated.
 The carrier of “standard” DSBFC AM does not
convey any information.
 It remains constant in amplitude and
frequency, no matter what the modulating
voltage does.

2
• The two sidebands are images of each other.
• The ratio of total power to carrier power is given
by (1+m2/2):1.
• If carrier is suppressed only sideband power
remains, which is only Pc(m2/2), a two-third
saving is effected 100% modulation, and even
more is saved as depth of modulation is reduced.

3
 Although the modulated signal is centered at
frequency fc, there is no component at the
carrier frequency. Therefore this type of
amplitude modulation is referred to as
suppressed carrier modulation.
 Since there are two sidebands the full name for
this type of amplitude modulation is Double
Side Band Suppressed Carrier modulation
(DSB-SC or just DSB).

4
 Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier
(DSBSC)
• Assume that we have a message signal m(t) with
bandwidth 2 B rad/s (or B Hz). m(t) 
M().
• Let c(t) be a carrier signal, c(t) = cos(ct), c >> 2B
• gDSBSC (t) = m(t)cos(ct)

m(t) X gDSBSC(t)

c(t)

DSBSC Modulator (transmitter)

5
 DSB signal when m(t) = cos(2πfmt)

DSB-SC output where m(t) is the signal,

fc is called the carrier frequency
Spectrum of s
(t
)cos(
2f
mt)
cos(
2f
c
t) 

1

cos
2(
fcf
m t
) 
cos
2(
fcf
m )
t
2

1
4

f
 fc 0 fc
fc  f m fc  f m 6
 DSB-SC - Waveforms

Mixer
(Multiplier)

B = 2m

Notice: No carrier frequency

7
Double sideband (DSB) Modulation

Because the modulated signal contains two

sidebands, each of width fm, it follows that the
bandwidth of the DSB modulated signal is
twice that of the original baseband signal.

8
 DSB Signal Waveform
The time domain representation of a DSB-SC signal for
a single sinusoidal modulating signal is shown below.

s
(t
) 
cos(
2f
mt) 
cos(
2f
ct)
9
 DSB Signal Waveform
The phase of the carrier is reversed when the
modulating signal, goes through zero, therefore
the relative phase of the carrier indicates the
polarity of the modulating signal. However, it is
not possible to identify the absolute phase of the
modulating signal without a knowledge of the
absolute phase of the original carrier.

10
 Generation of DSB-SC signal
For generation of DSB-SC signal, two types of
modulators are used:
Balanced modulator
Ring modulator

11
Principle used in Balanced Modulator
When the two signals at different frequencies
(carrier and modulating signal) are passed
through a nonlinear resistance, the AM signal
is generated with suppressed carrier. A device
having non-linear resistance such as diode,
JFET or transistor can be used in the balanced
modulator to generate the AM signal

12
 Balanced Modulator using Diodes
The Balanced Modulator uses two diodes. A baseband
signal is applied to the two diodes through a centre tapped
transformer with a carrier signal cosωct.

D1

D2

13
 14
The expression for DSB-SC
 Ring Modulator

 In this circuit, four diodes are connected in the

form of a ring, in which all the diodes point in
the same direction.
 All the four diodes are controlled by a square
wave carrier signal c(t) of frequency ‘fc’ applied
through a centre tapped transformer.

15
16
 Working

• The carrier signal is applied to the centre taps of the

input and output transformers, and modulating signal
is applied to the input transformer T1.
• The output appears across the secondary of the
transformer.
• The diodes connected in the bridge act like switches,
and their switching is controlled by the carrier signal
as it is usually higher in frequency and amplitude than
the modulating signal.

17
• During the positive half cycle of the carrier, the
current divides equally in the upper and lower
portions of the primary winding of T2.
• The current in the upper part of the winding produces
a magnetic field that is equal and opposite to the
magnetic field produced by the current in the lower
half of the secondary.
• As magnetic fields are equal and opposite, they
cancel each other, producing no output at the
secondary of T2. Thus the carrier is suppressed.

18
• During the negative half cycle , diodes D1 and D3 are
reverse biased and diodes D2 and D4 are forward
biased.
• Similar to the positive half cycle, here also magnetic
fields in the primary winding of T2 are equal and
opposite canceling each other.
• Therefore output at T2 secondary is zero.
• The suppression of the carrier in both the half cycles
depends on matching the diode characteristics and
precision of centre tap of the transformers to give
exactly equal upper and lower currents and magnetic
fields.

19
 With modulating signal
 When diodes are ideal and transformers are
perfectly balanced, the two outer diodes are
switched on if the carrier signal is positive
presenting zero impedance, whereas the two
inner diodes are switched off and thus
presenting very high impedance. D1

 In this condition the modulator

a b

multiplies the modulating signal

x(t) by +1. c
D3
d

20
 When the carrier signal is negative, the
situation becomes reversed. Here the modulator
multiplies the modulating signal by -1.
 Hence the ring modulator is a product
modulator for a square wave
carrier and modulating signal. a b
D4

D2
c d

21
The square wave carrier may be reproduced in
the Fourier series as:



n1


4( 1
)
c
(
t
)
n


1
2
n1
{cos[
2f
ct
(2
n1
)]}

We have s(t) x(t)c(t)

Therefore,

 
n
1


4( 1
)
s
(
t
)x(
t
)

n
1

2
n
1
t
(
c2
{cos[
2
f n1
)]}




n1


4( 1
)
s
(
t
)
n
1

2
n1
c 
{cos[
2
f(2
n1
)]}
x(
t
)

22
Above expression shows that the output from
the ring modulator does not have any
component at the carrier frequency. Hence, the
modulated output contains only the product
terms.
A ring modulator is also known as double
balanced modulator, since it is balanced with
respect to the baseband signal as well as the
square wave carrier signal.

23
The frequency spectrum of the ring modulator
output contains sidebands around each of the odd
harmonics of the square wave carrier.
Baseband signal is assumed to be bandlimited to –
fm < f <fm . The desired sideband around the
carrier frequency fc may be selected by using a
BPF having a centre frequency
S(f)

ωc and bandwidth 2fm,

fc > fm to avoid
overlapping.
-3fc -fc fc 3fc

24
 Recovery of the Baseband Signal

Since frequency translation can be achieved by

multiplication, we can recover the baseband
signal by multiplying the DSB-SC signal by a
carrier signal generated at the receiver, called
the local carrier. The process is called
synchronous demodulation or synchronous
detection.

25
 Demodulation of DSBSC
• The modulator circuits can be used for demodulation,
by replacing the BPF by a LPF of bandwidth B Hz.
• The receiver must generate a carrier frequency in
phase and frequency synchronization with the
incoming carrier.
• This type of demodulation is therefore called
coherent demodulation (or detection).
e(t) HLPF()
gDSBSC(t) X BW = 2B
f(t)

c(t)

DSBSC Demodulator (receiver) 26

 DSB-SC - Detection

• Synchronous detection v(t)1

2
m(t)
Low
DSB-SC
Multiplier pass
filter Message signal

Local oscillator y
(t
)[
m(t
) 
cost
c] 
cost
c
c(t) = cos ct
y
(t
)m(
t)1
2
[
1 
cos
2t
c]

1
2
m(
t
) 1
m
2
(
t) 
cos
2t
c
Condition:
•Local oscillator has the same information high frequency
frequency and phase as that of the
carrier signal at the transmitter. Low pass filter
27
m 2c-m 2c+m
 DSBSC Demodulation
e(t) HLPF()
gDSBSC(t) X BW = 2B
f(t)

c(t)

DSBSC Demodulator (receiver)

()g
et DSB
SC()
t.co
s(
ct)
m
()
t .c
o (
s2 t)
c

(
1 /2
)m()
t[ 1+c
os 
(2ct)]
(
1 /2
)mt (
() 1 /2
)m()
t c
os 
(2ct)
(
E )(
1 /2
)M(
) (
1 /4
)[M(
2c) M( 
2c)
].
T
heoutpu
tsign
alf()
tof th
eL PFwillb
e
t (
f () 1/2
)m t 
() (1/2
)M (
). 28
 Recovery of the Baseband Signal
The result is the original baseband signal
spectrum plus a component centered at 2fc,
which is called the twice carrier component.
This component can be removed using a low
pass filter at the receiver, leaving only the
original baseband signal.

29
 DSB Signal Spectrum
Consider a double sided baseband signal spectrum
with a maximum frequency component, fm, as
follows:

30
 DSB Signal Spectrum
When this signal is used to produce DSB-SC modulation, the spectrum is as
follows:

It can be seen that the bandwidth of a DSB signal is referred to as the upper
sideband and the lower sideband.
31
 Recovery of the Baseband Signal
The above situation is based on the assumption
that we can generate a local carrier which has
exactly the same frequency and phase as the
carrier used for transmission, but in practice
there will be both frequency error and phase
error between the transmitter carrier and local
carrier. These errors have a serious effect on
the demodulation of DSB-SC signals.

32
The effect of frequency and phase errors
in DSB-SC
Consider that the local carrier has a small frequency
error, ω, and a small phase error, θ. The recovered
signal at the receiver is then of the form:

m
(
t
)  
cos(
t
c)  

cos[(
c )
t ]
1

2
m
(t 

){[cos(
)
t ] 

cos[(
2 )t]} c

33
The effect of frequency and phase errors
in DSB-SC

The twice carrier component is removed by the

low pass filter at the receiver end

e
(t
)
1
m(t
) 
t
cos[(
) ]
2

34
(1) For zero frequency error (ω=0), and only phase
error (θ≠0) we have :
1
(t) m
e )
(t)cos(
2
The phase error in the local carrier will affect the
amplitude of the recovered signal. If the phase error is
+/- 90 then the received signal will vanish completely.
There is no distortion rather there is only
attenuation. Output is maximum θ=00 and minimum if
θ=900.
Detected output is zero when θ=900. This is called a
“Quadrature Null Effect”, signal is zero when the
local carrier is in phase quadrature with the
transmitted carrier. 35
 DSB-SC - Synchronous Detection
(t)1
v m 
(t)cos
- Phase error 2

Low
DSB-SC Message signal
Multiplier pass
filter

Local oscillator y
(
t
)[m
(t
) 
cos
t
c] 
cos
(t
c
)
c(t) = cos(ct+)
y
(
t
)m
(
t
)1
2

cos
(
2c
t
)m(
t
)1
2

co
(
)

m(
t
)1
2


cos
m
(
t1
)
2

cos
(
2c
t)
Condition:
•Local oscillator has the same information high frequency
frequency but different phase
compared to carrier signal at the Low pass filter
transmitter.
36
m 2c-m 2c+m
(2) For zero phase error (θ=0), and only frequency
error we have

e
(
1
t)m(t) 

cos[(
)
t]
2
Therefore, frequency error in the local carrier will cause
the amplitude of the recovered signal to fluctuate at the
relatively low frequency, ω. This cause undesirable
distortion to the baseband signal.

37
 DSB-SC - Synchronous Detection
- Frequency error v
(t)1
m( 
t)cos
2

Low
DSB-SC Message signal
Multiplier pass
filter

Local oscillator y
(
t
)[m
(
t) 
cos
t
c
] 
cos
(t
c

)
c(t)=Eccos(ct+)
y
(
t
)m
(
t
)1

cos
2
(
2t
c


)m(
t
)1
co
2


()

m
(t
)1



cos
2
m
(
t1
)
2

cos
(
2t
c

)
Condition:
•Local oscillator has the same information high frequency
phase but different frequency
compared to carrier signal at the Low pass filter
transmitter.
38
m 2c-m 2c+m
(3) For zero phase error (θ =0) and for zero
frequency error (ω=0)

1
( ) mt
et ()
2
yields no distortion in detected output.

39
(4) For both the frequency and phase errors ,

 0a
nd0
constant phase error provides attenuation and
frequency error causes distortion in the
detected output.

40
 Synchronization Techniques

• Costa’s Receiver
• Squaring the received signal

41
 Costas Receiver
• Costa’s Receiver was invented by John Costas at
General Electric in the 1950s.
• Also known as Costas Phase Locked Loop (PLL).
• A negative feedback system that generates a signal,
whose phase is locked to the phase of an input or
“reference” signal.
• Accomplished by a Voltage Controlled Oscillator
(VCO).
• The circuit also demodulates the message
simultaneously.
42
43
 2fct)
• Two local oscillators are in quadrature: cos(
With 90° phase difference 2fct)
sin(
• These local carriers are used by two coherent detectors
In-phase coherent detector (I-channel)
Quadrature-phase coherent detector (Q-channel)
1
The I-channel output is A )m
ccos( (t)
2

 
The Q-channel output is
A
A
m
c(
t
) c
cos(
2
f
t
) 2
f
t
c
sin(
)c
m(
t 
)(si
4
f
t
c 
)
si)
2
1
The output of the LPF is A )m
csin( (t)
2
44
• When phase error is zero:
I-channel output: Acm(t) / 2 .This is the demodulated
message.
Q-channel output: 0
• If the phase of local carrier drifts by a small value  :
1 1
I-channel output: Ac cos( )m(t )  Ac m(t )
2 2
Q-channel output:
1
A
2c
sin(
)
m(t
)

1
2
A
cm(
t) 
The phase discriminator consists of a multiplier
followed by a time averaging unit:
1
Multiplier output: Ac2m2(t)
4
Time averaging output (which is the input of VCO):

 
T
1
 
22 2
1/4A
m
c (
t)
dt1/
4 A
D
c m
2
T
45
Dm is DC of m2(t) in [-T,T].
The phase discriminator output is proportional to 
VCO is a negative feedback system:
The VCO will drive the local carrier phase to 0.
Synchronization with the input is thus achieved.

Note: A voltage controlled oscillator is simply an oscillator

having a frequency output that is proportional to an applied
voltage

46
 In Costa’s receiver the upper path is referred to as the
in-phase coherent detector (I-channel) which is fed
with the locally generated carrier which is in phase
with the transmitted carrier
 The lower path is referred to as the quadrature-phase
(separated by 90°) coherent detector (Q-channel) which
is in phase quadrature with the transmitted carrier.
 These detectors are coupled together to form a
negative feedback system.
 The phase discriminator provides a dc control signal
which may be used to correct local oscillator phase
error. The local oscillator is a Voltage controlled
oscillator (VCO). Its frequency can be adjusted by an
error control dc signal.
47
 Operating Principle
• To start, assume that the local carrier signal is
synchronized with the transmitted carrier, and θ≠0.
Then the output of the I-channel is the desired
modulating signal (as cosθ=1), but the output of the
Q-channel is zero (sinθ=0) due to quadrature null
effect.
• Now, assuming that the local oscillator frequency
drifts slightly, i.e θ is a small non-zero quantity, I-
channel output is almost unchanged, but Q-channel
output now is not zero, rather some signal will appear
at its output, proportional to sinθ.
dia
48
 The output of the Q-channel
i. is proportional to θ ( as sinθ=θ for small θ).
ii. will have a polarity same as the I-channel for one
direction of phase shift in local oscillator,
whereas polarity will be opposite to I-channel for
the other direction of the phase shift.
Thus, by combining the I and Q channel outputs in
the phase discriminator (which consists of a
multiplier followed by a low pass filter), a dc
control signal is obtained that automatically
corrects for phase errors in VCO.

49
 Limitation of Costa’s Receiver

The Costa’s receiver ceases phase control when

there is no modulation i.e. m(t) = 0. The phase
control re-establishes itself on the
reappearance of modulation. The re-
establishment is so rapid that distortion is not
perceptible in voice communication.

50
 DSB-SC - Square Detection
g(t)
Squaring
DSB-SC Band pass y(t)
Si(t)
circuit  by 2
g =x2 C filter

Regenerated
carrier
2c z(t)

Multiplier
Message
Low pass filter signal

g(t) = Si2(t) = B2 cos2 mt cos2 ct (a)

= B2 (½ + ½ cos 2 mt )(½ + ½ cos 2 ct )
= B2/4 [1 + ½ cos 2(c + m)t + ½ cos 2(c - m)t + cos 2mt + cos 2 ct ]

y(t) = B2/4 cos 2wct z(t) = B2/4 cos wct 51

52
• In this method, the received signal is squared by a
squaring circuit.
• The output of the squarer is given by (a).
• The term 2ωct may be obtained by using a bandpass
filter centered at ± 2ωc. This frequency is kept constant
by tracking through a phase lock loop (PLL).
• The PLL uses negative feedback technique for
providing a constant frequency signal, cos 2ωct. Any
drift in frequency is corrected by an error signal,
generated at the output of the low pass filter of PLL.
• The VCO output is frequency divided by 2, to yield a
synchronized local carrier of frequency ωc. This local
carrier is used in synchronous detector.
• The frequency division may be accomplished by using
bistable multivibrator. 53
 DSB-SC - Power

• The total power (or average

power): 2
2ME
c/ 2

P SC 
TDSB 
R 2 
2
(ME)
 c
4R

• The maximum and peak envelop power

2
(ME
)
P
P 
DSB
SC c
R
54
 DSBSC-Summary
 Advantages:
 Lower power consumption
 Disadvantages:
 Complex detection.
 Less information about the carrier will be delivered to the
receiver.
 Needs a coherent detector at the carrier.
 Applications:
 Analogue TV systems: to transmit colour information.
 For transmitting stereo information in FM sound broadcast
at VHF.
55