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Chapter- II
Elevation Bridge
(geographic field) (geographic object)
Geographic Phenomenon (Contd..,)
There are two types of geographic fields, discrete fields
and continuous fields:
Discrete fields: cut up the study space in mutually exclusive
bounded parts, with all locations in one part having the same
field value. e.g. land classifications, geological classes, soil
types, etc.
Continuous field: the underlying function is assumed to be
continuous. Continuity means that all changes in field values are
gradual. e.g. Elevation, temperature, rainfall, etc.
Regular Tessellation
Examples of raster data representation are aerial photograph, a
satellite image, or a scanned map, etc.
Raster Representation (Contd..,)
Two ways to improve on the continuity issue:
Make the cell size smaller.
Assume that the cell value only represents one specific
location and provide a good interpolation function for all other
locations.
Advantages of regular tessellation:
We know how they partition space.
We can make computations specific to this partitioning.
Fast algorithms.
Disadvantages of regular tessellation:
Not adaptive to the spatial phenomenon we want to represent.
No matter how many cells have the same value, it will store
this value for every cell.
Vector Representations
Vector representations useful for representing and
storing discrete features such as buildings, pipes, or
parcel boundaries and can be:
Triangulated Irregular Networks (TIN)
Point
Line
Area
i. TIN
A TIN is built from a set of measurements for example
points of height.
These points can be scattered unevenly over the study
area, with areas of more change having more points.
Triangles are fitted through three points to form planes.
Vector Representations (Contd..,)
A Tin is a vector representation
• Each anchor point has a stored geo-reference.
• The planes do not have a stored values (like raster cells have)
No value is stored
for this plane
Delaunay
triangulation
Disadvantages: Disadvantages:
Need high computer storage Complex data structure
Errors in perimeter and shape Difficult overlay operations
Difficult network analysis High spatial variability is
Inefficient in projection inefficiently represented
transformations Not compatible with RS
Loss of information when using imagery
large cells
Principles of Geographic Information System
Chapter- III