Group Members:-

 Syed Kamran Haider

 Saleh Usman

Foundation University
Institute of management and computer sciences
 Topology:-

The physical layout or arrangment of connected

devices in a network is called topology.It is the shape
of network.

The arrangment of network nodes and connections

between them is called the network’s topology.A node
represent a computer.
Cont…..

Network requir both network adapter hardware in

each device to be connected and some physical(or
wirless) connection to hook them all together.
 Kindes of Topology
Bus Topology
Star Topology
Ring Topology
Mesh Topology
Tree Topology
Bus Topology
Bus topology is the simplest type of network.It support
small no of computers.In bus topology,all computers
or network nodes are connected to a common
communication medium.This medium is often a
central wire known as bus.The terminators are used at
the end of a bus to absorb signals.
A collision can occur in bus topology if two computers
transmit data at same time.
Bus topology mostly used in peer-to-peer networks.
 Working:-
The sending computer sends the data and destination
address through the bus .The data and address move
from one computer to the other in the network .Each
computer checks the address .If it matches with the
address of a computer , the computer keeps the data.
Otherwise the data moves to the next computer.
Advantages:-
It is simle and easy to use.
It requires small length of cable to connect
computers.
It is less expensive.
It is easy to extend a bus.It allow more computers to
join network.
If one node(or computer) fails,it does not affect the
whole network.
Disadvantages:-
It is diffiult to troubleshoot.
The network speed slows down as the number of
computers increases.
Star Topology
All computers in star topology are connected with
central device called hub.Small LANs with less than
eight nodes usually need only one hub.
Larger networks can require many hubs and hubs can be
connected to each other to tie all the nodes together
nto a single network.
Working:-
The sending computer sends the data to hub.The hub
sends data to the receiving computer.Each computer in
star network communicate with a central hub.Star
topology is mostly used in client-server network.
Advantages:-
It is easy to maintain and modify network.
Adding and removing computers can be done without
disturbing the network.
Finding faults becomes very easy.
Single computer failure does not bring down the
whole network.
It is more flexible than other topologies.
Disadvantages:-
If central hub fails,the entire network breaks down.
It reguires a large length of cable to connect
computers.
It is more expensive.
Ring Topology
In ring topology each computer is connected to the next
computer with the last one connected to the first one.
Thus , a ring of computers is formed.

Conceptally,a ring is like a hub with its two ends brought

together.
In other words,a ring is like a circular bus,to all nodes ae
directly attached.
Working:-
Every computer is connected to next computer in a ring.
The communication is possible in network by message
(token) passing. Each computer receives message from
the previous computer and transmits it to the next
computer. The message flows in one direction.The
message is passed around the ring until it reaches the
correct destination computers.
Advantages:-
It is less expensive than star topology.
Every computer has equal access to the network.
Disadvantages:-
Failure of one computer in the ring can affect the
whole network.
It is difficult to troubleshoot.
Adding or removing computers affect the whole
network.
Mesh Topology
Working:-
In a mesh topology , every device in the network is
physically connected to every other device in a
network. A message can be sent on different possible
paths from source to destination. Mesh topology
provides improved performance and reliability. Mesh
networks are not used much in local area networks. It
is mostly used in wide area networks.
Advantages:-
The use of dedicated link guarantees that each
connection can carry its own data load.It eliminates
the traffic problem.
If one link becomes unusable,it does not harm the
entire system.
It is easy to troubleshoot.
Disadvantages:-
A full mesh network can be very expensive.
It is difficult to install and reconfigure.
Tree Topology
Working:-
A tree topology combines the characteristics of bus and
star topologies. It consists of different groups of
computers attached in star topology. The groups are
then connected to a bus backbone cable. Tree topology
is used or the expansion of an existing system.
Advantages:-
It provide point-to-point wiring for individual
segmants.
It is supported by several hardware and software
vedors.
Disadvantages:-
Overall length of each segment is limited by the type
of cabling used.
If the backbone line breaks,the entire segment goes
down.
It is more difficult to configure and wire than other
topologies.