REVIEW

LITERTURE

Presented by
Fouzia Youseph
M.Sc. Botany(sem3)
REVIEW LITERTURE
Definition Need for library catalogue
 Key points of a literature review Functions of catalogue
Types of literature review Kinds of catalogue
 process Library catalogue
 Purpose Card form catalogue
 Sources of literature Online catalogue libraries
Libraries  Journals
Books  Indexing journals
Classification of books(Universal  abstracting journals
Decimal System). research journals
Journals current and back volumes  review journals
Catalogue  e-journals
Impact factor of journals
 NCBI-Pub Med
Definition
According to university of wincosin writing center,
A literature review is a

“critical analysis of a segment of a

published body of knowledge through
summary, classification, and comparison of
prior research studies, reviews of literature,
and theoretical articles”
Key points of a literature review
 Tell me what the research says(Theory)
Tell me how the research was carried out
(Methodology)
 Tell me what is missing or the gap that
research intends to fill.(Research gap)
Literature in this context consists of:
Books
•Encyclopedias
•Year books
•Text books
•Reference books
Journals
•Published monthly, quarterly, half yearly or annually
 Reports
•Reports of commissions appointed by Govt.
•Seminar reports
Research dissertations & Thesis
News papers
Micro forms: Audio & Video tapes
Types of Literature Review

• On the purpose of research there are 3 main types of literature

review
Evaluative Review
Explorative Review
Instrumental Review
Evaluative Review

Which focus on providing a discussion in the terms

of coverage and contribution to knowledge in
particular area

Often used to directly compare research findings of

project with other when findings are directly
available
Exploratory Review

• Seeking to find out what actually exists in the academic

literature in terms of theory empirical evidence and
research methods as pertain to specific topic and its
related wider subject area

• It also used to sharpen, focus and identify research

questions that remain unanswered in the specific topic.
Instrumental Review

• Seeking to find out how to conduct some research on

a highly specific research problem

• It is not designed not to identity the state of current

knowledge in an area but to identify the best way to
carry out of a research without incurring
unnecessary and unavoidable cost
PROCESS
A literature review can be divided into 2 process:
1.The search for material & resources
2.Writing literature review
In the first process topics include
1. What to review & purpose of review
2. Literature search procedure
3. Planning of research work

In the second process topics include

1.Note taking
PURPOSE
 Sources of Literature

Sources of Literature Sources of literature can be divided into

1.Primary literature sources

2.Secondary literature sources
3. Tertiary literature sources
The different categories of literature sources represents the
flow of information from original source
1.Primary literature sources

Primary literature sources are the first occurrence of a piece of work.

It includes:
1.Reports
Reports include market research reports, government reports etc.
2.Confrence proceedings
Conference proceedings referred to any symposia are often published
as unique titles with in journals, or as books. most conference will have
a very specific theme.
3.Theses
These are the research papers contains details of research done in a
particular topic. It is a good source of detailed information & further
reference.
2.Secondary Literature sources
• Secondary sources such as books & journals are subsequent
publication of primary literature. These publications are aimed at
wider audience.
• it includes:
• 1.Journals
• Journals are also known as periodicals, magazines are published on a
regular basis. e.g.. journal of management studies, people
management etc.
• 2.Books
• Books are written for specific audiences. The material in books are
presented in a more ordered and accessible manner than in journals.
• 3.News papers
• News papers are good source of topical events, developments with in
the business &government as well as recent statistical information..
3. Tertiary literature sources

• Tertiary literature sources also called as “search tools” are

designed either to help to locate primary & secondary literature
or to introduce a topic.
• Theyinclude indexes & abstracts as well as
encyclopedias & bibliographies.
• E.g.: subject catalogues of libraries List of books and publishers
bulletins.
LIBRARIES
• Your university or college library – this should be your first
choice.
• Here you will find a huge amount of information and also about
all the other information sources listed below.
• There are also specialist libraries, such as subject libraries in
university departments, professional libraries in professional
institutions, technical libraries in technical (research)
establishments.
• Local libraries sometimes have special collections of local
interest. Try to get the latest publications, unless you have
special reasons not to, e.g. historical studies.
• The information in fast moving subjects, such as management,
business, science and technology will become rapidly obsolete,
but in the humanities older publications can have lasting value.
BOOKS
• Central part of any bibliography.
• Possesses advantages and disadvantages.
• Advantage: Material published in books is usually important
and of good quality.
• Findings integrated with other research to form a coherent body
of knowledge.
• Disadvantage : Research is not completely up to date, as it can
take a few years between the completion of a work and its
publication in the form of a book.
• Best to way search for a book is to look a library catalogue.
• Publication such as BOOK OF REVIEW OF INDEX can help
you to locate books of interest
• Use the subject catalogue or keywords option to search books in
your area of interest.
• Narrow the subject area searched by selecting the appropriate
key words
• Look through these titles carefully and identify the books
• If you think that the titles are appropriate to the topic then print
them out as this will save your time or note them down in a
piece of paper
• If enough information is not provided then refer other books too
• If you have selected 10 -15 books for your topic examine
bibliography of each one
• If a book has been referenced by a number of authors, you
should include in your reading list
• Prepare a final list of books that you have considered.
CLASSIFICATION OF BOOKS
• Structure of subjects in various Library
classification schemes:
1. DDC (Dewey Decimal Classification)
2. UDC (Universal Decimal
Classification)
3. CC (Colon Classification)
UDC (Universal Decimal Classification):
• Originally based on the Dewey decimal classification, the UDC
was developed as a new analytic - synthetic classification
system.
• which includes common auxiliary tables; a series of special
auxiliary tables ; an expressive notational system with
connecting symbols and syntax rules to enable coordination of
subjects and the creation of a documentation language proper.
• The main tables or main schedules containing the various
disciplines and branches of knowledge, arranged in 9 main
classes, numbered from 0 to 9 with class 4 being vacant
subjects
Journals current and back volumes
• Current periodicals represent the most recent issue of a particular
journal.
• These journals must be read in the Library only.
• Most journals have several issues to a volume (a volume usually
spans one year's worth of publications of that journal). Therefore,
journals that come out monthly will have 12 issues in a volume,
whereas journals that come out quarterly will have four issues to a
volume, etc.
• Once a volume is no longer current, the Library will gather up the
issues in that volume and bind them together into a single book.
• These are the bound periodicals, which are then placed on the shelves
on the 1st floor at the south end of the building (organized
alphabetically by title). The current issues for each title are placed in a
holder next to the bound volumes for that title.
catalogue
• The term catalogue has been derived from
Greek phrase ‘kataloges’ means according to
plan or order.
• It is list of books and other reading material of
a particular library arranged according to a
definite plan for location and identification of
material in the Library
A catalogue is
o a list of library materials contained in a
collection, a library, or a group of libraries,
arranged according to some definite plan.
oThe catalog forms the basis for access to the
library’s collection
Need for library catalogue

i. Directs users from the natural language (alphabetical) to

artificial language
ii. Most of the books deals with various subjects. Catalogues
reveals various aspects of a book
iii. Readers approach a book from various angles, catalogues
satisfies different approaches and maximizes the use of the
book works of an author on different subjects are filed at one
place
iv. It checks duplication
v. It is a primary tool for assistance in all the departments of a
library
Functions of catalogue

To enable a person to find a book on the basis of :

• author
• title
• subject
To show that the library has books : by a given author
on a given subject in a given kind of literature
• To assist in the choice of books on the basis of :
• edition
• character
Kinds of catalogue

• Physical form book form, sheet form, card form, guard book
cata, rotary cata, drum cata, kardex horizontal cata.
• The widely accepted forms are :

Book form
 Sheaf form
Card form
Library catalogue
Most libraries now have an electronic catalogue accessed
through their computer terminals, often accessible online from
elsewhere too via the Intra- and/or Internet.
x Journals and newspapers
. These are often catalogued and stored separately to the books
and may be available online.
 As they appear regularly, they tend to be very up to date.

x Electronic databases.
These are computer-based lists of publications, on CD-ROM or
on the university Intranet or the Internet.
They contain huge numbers of sources, usually searched by
using keywords.
 Some provide only titles, publication details and abstracts,
others provide the full text.
Citation indexes list the publications in which certain books,
articles, have been used as a reference.
x Librarians.
 There are often Subject Librarians who have specialist
knowledge in specific subject areas – they will be able to help
you explore more elusive sources.
 University libraries usually run free training sessions on all
aspects of searching for information.
Card form catalogue

• It is best and most convenient way of displaying library

catalogue.
• Cards of uniform size (12.5 cm x 7.5 cm or 5” x 3” ) are
arranged in alphabetical or classified order.
• Card cabinets are designed to hold al least 1400 cards in upright
position
Card Catalog
• The card catalog the key to finding information in a library is its
catalog.
• Over the history of libraries, the catalog has taken on numerous
forms, from book format, to microfiche, to cards, to online.
• By far the most common format until the advent of computers
and computerized catalogs, the card catalog provided library
users with a means for locating materials held in the library's
collections in a variety of ways, but usually by author, by title,
or by subject.
Users looking for books by J.R.R. Tolkien would go to the
author catalog and look up available materials by author's last
name.
Researchers looking to find any information in the library's
collections dealing with the topic "fantasy literature" would go
to the library's subject catalog and look for that subject or
cross‐references to that subject
 A typical card in the catalog would provide complete
bibliographic information on the item. In the case of books, that
would include author, title, place of publication, publisher, and
date of publication.
• It would also provide a physical description of the item that
might include number of pages, size of the book, and any
special features such as illustrations, photographs, etc.
• Most items would also be assigned subject headings chosen by
library catalogers to help classify the items into subject areas in
the library's collections and call numbers that would lead the
researcher to the correct shelf locations in the library. This
information would also be located on the card in the library's
catalog.
• Each individual item in the library's collections might have
numerous cards in the catalog to provide a library researcher
with multiple ways for finding the item.
• Obviously, the process of finding materials in a library using a
card catalog was labor‐ and time‐ intensive.
• For the researcher looking for a specific book by title or a
specific book or books by a certain author, the process was
fairly simple
• . However, for the researcher looking for materials on a
particular subject, the search would begin under one subject
heading, for example "capital punishment" and then proceed to
related subject headings, perhaps "death penalty" or "execution"
or "gas chamber" or "firing squad.
• This would not be the end of the search, either. Once the
researcher located materials on a particular subject, those
materials, in turn, might lead the researcher back to the catalog
to look under additional subjects.

• Bibliographies in any of the located materials might also lead

the researcher back to the catalog to look up individual authors
or specific titles. In short, the process of researching a library's
collections was by no means quick. Of course, now the process
has changed dramatically because of the advances made
possible by computer technology.
• Merits
• 1. It cannot become obsolete or congested
• 2. Card is single-self contained unit capable of infinite
expansion
• 3. Can easily be changed
• 4. Can easily be consulted
• Demerits
• 1. Card cabinet occupies much space
• 2. It is not portable
• 3. In a large library many reader can not consult at same time
Online Catalog Libraries
• the Online Catalog Libraries have actually been preparing to use
the computer as a research tool for quite some time now.
• Even before the advent of a searchable online public catalog,
librarians were using computer systems to "catalog" items and
to build library databases that could be used to keep track of
materials in their collections.
• Once software and technology were available to make these
online catalogs "friendly" enough for the general public to use,
libraries began rolling out their online catalogs, providing their
users with computers to access them, and getting rid of their
card catalogs.
• This process took quite some time. For example, when the UNF
Library relocated to its new facility in 1980, it was still using
card catalogs to help locate materials in its collections.
• Its first online catalog ran under a commercially available
computer system designed by the company CLSI.
• This was followed by a system called NOTIS that was
customized by the Florida Center for Library Automation, and
ultimately by the library's current online system, ALEPH.
• The public access catalogs for NOTIS and ALEPH were called,
respectively, LUIS and Mango.
• With each ensuing change in automation, library users were
able to do more and search more deeply through the information
about the library's collections.
• A library's online catalog (database) provides users with a
system for retrieving information about items located in any of
the library's collections.
• The UNF Library's database has been built over many years
and continues to be added to as the library receives additional
materials for its collections. As each item is received, it is
examined by catalogers, compared to a national database of
item descriptions (cataloging records), and then added to the
library's database.
• ALEPH is the name of the system software that allows
catalogers to add items to the database and that sits behind the
library's catalog.
• Like most systems, it has a variety of access points by which users
can query the system for information, including author, title, subject,
and keywords anywhere. These are only a few of the access points,
though.
• Following is a sample "record" from the library's online catalog.
• This is the online record for the same book shown in the catalog card
example above.
• Notice that the same information shown on the catalog card is also
shown on the online record: the author, title, publishing information,
physical description, subject headings, and call number.
• Additionally, the online record shows on which floor of the building
to locate the item and includes a link to additional information from
Google.
• The amount of information available through a library's online
catalog will vary from item to item.
• Some items might include the table of contents, while some
might actually have a brief synopsis
• . This will vary according to who did the original cataloging and
how much "customizing" the library does with the records that
it uses.
• Library catalogs typically do not have full text, so the most
information a researcher will find is item descriptions and
location information.
• Online library catalogs greatly speed up the process of finding
information.
• Instead of the slow, painstaking process of flipping through
individual cards in a card catalog, a researcher can quickly scan
descriptions of the library's entire collection using keywords,
author names, titles, subjects, nearly any type of information
that is available in the library's database
• . An added advantage:
• multiple library catalogs can be searched all at the same time
through various online catalog systems.
• Most notably, the UNF Library has access to the WorldCat
system, which provides access to library databases worldwide.
JOURNALS
You need go through journals relating to your research.
Provides most up -to- date information. even though often a gap
of 2 or 3 yrs between the completion of a research project and
its publication in a journal
You should select as many journals as you possibly can ,though
the number of journals available depends upon the field of
study-certain fields have more than journals than others
As with books you need to prepare a list of the journals you
want to examine for identifying the literature relevant to your
study.
 This can be done in a number of ways
Locate the hard copies of the journals that are appropriate to
your study
Look at citation or abstract indices to identify or read the
abstracts of such articles
Search electronical data basis
Indexed journals
Indexed journals are considered to be of higher scientific quality
as compared to non-indexed journals.
Indexing is a basically a list or database of journals by a
particular agency or organization
Selects journals after various parameters and aspects according to
their rules and regulations.
E.g. Indexation of medical journals has become a debatable
issue. For a long-time Index Medicus has been the most
comprehensive index of medical scientific journal articles.
It is being publication since 1879.
REVIEW JOURNALS
A review article surveys and summarizes previously published
studies, rather than reporting new facts or
analysis. Review articles are sometimes also called survey
articles or, in news publishing, overview articles. Academic
publications that specialize in review articles are known
as review journals
Abstract journals
• An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis,
review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a
particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly
ascertain the paper's purpose
Research journals
• A systematic record, usually written, that is kept by
a researcher for the purpose of observing and
reflecting on phenomena relevant to a
particular research study.
• This method is used most to document spontaneously
occurring events or those connected with the day to
day experience of the researcher
e-journals Definition
According to The Harrods Librarians
Glossary, an ejournal is
“A journal for which the full end product is
available on optical disc, over a network or
in any other electronic from.”
The ALA Glossary of Library and Information
Science defines e-Journal as:
“A journal is a periodical especially one
containing scholarly article and/or disseminating
current information on research and development
in a particular subject field. If this task is done
by and electronic media then it may be called e-
Journal.”
NOMENCLATURE OF E-JOURNALS

• E-Journals are known today by different names such as: Online

Journals
 Electronic Serials
 Electronic Periodicals
Virtual Journals
 Digital Serials
ACCESS OF E-JOURNALS

• E-Journals can be accessed online or in the form of a CD.

• The online version has:

• Online–only journals
• Online version of printed journals
• Online equivalent of print journals with
additional multimedia material.
ACCESS OF E-JOURNALS

• The online version of e-Journals can be accessible through

Subscription
Pay per view or
Open access
ACCESS OF E-JOURNALS

• The e-journals can be accessed in three ways:

• Remote access
• From the library server
• Access through databases
Advantages of E-Journals:

E-journals are becoming increasingly in demand both as a means of

rapid desktop access to current research materials and as a way to view
past volumes.
E-journals offer a range of potential advantages to libraries and end-
users:
i. Allows remote access.
ii. Can be used simultaneously by more than one user.
iii. Provides timely access and at the rate of 24 X 7 X 365 formula.
iv. Supports different searching capabilities.
v. Accommodates unique features (e.g. Links to related items,
reference linking)
vi. Saves physical storage space.
vii. Supports multimedia information.
Journal evaluation tool
(Impact factor)-Journal citation
report(JCR)
Impact Factor:
It is the average number of times articles from the journal
published in the past two years have been cited in the JCR year.
e.g. The journal XYZ has an 2014 impact factor of 2.0 means
that, on average, the articles published in 2012 and 2013 was
quoted in 2014 an average of 2 times.
Why Journal Impact?
• Librarians - can support selection or removal of journals from
their collections, and determine how long to keep each journal
in the collection before archiving it. Publishers and Editors -
can determine journals’ influence in the marketplace and review
editorial functions.
• Authors - can identify the most appropriate, influential
journals in which to publish, as well as confirm the status of
journals in which they have published.
• Professors and Students - can discover where to find the
current reading list in their respective fields.
JOURNAL CITATION REPORT (JCR)
Journal Citation Reports offers a systematic, objective means to
critically evaluate the world's leading journals, with quantifiable,
statistical information based on citation data.
By compiling articles' cited references, JCR Web helps to
measure research influence and impact at the journal and
category levels, and shows the relationship between citing and
cited journals.
Available in Science and Social Sciences editions.
Available at Library website:
http://www.lib.ied.edu.in/index_e-resources.php
USES OF THE JCR
What do librarians, researchers, and Publishers do
with the JCR?
Discover highest-impact journals
Develop and manage journal collections
Compare a custom selection of journals
 Find related journals
 Identify review journals
View citation information for subject categories
Implications of Impact Factor 24

• Implications of Impact Factor 24

• Tell us how frequently has the average article in a journal been
cited in a particular year.
• Tell us something about a journal as a whole e.g. the extent to
which its recently published papers were cited in a given year.
• Impact factor > 1 implied a journal is frequently cited
• Higher citations rate means your article has higher chances of
getting cited or read by researchers.
• Tells us NOTHING concrete about any specific paper or
specific author.
The impact factor is a very useful tool for evaluation of
journals, but it must be used discreetly.
 Considerations include the amount of review or other types of
material published in a journal, variations between disciplines,
and item-by-item impact
The journal's status in regard to coverage in the JCR databases
as well as the occurrence of a title change are also very
important.
Overview of some words
• Mnemonic - a system such as a pattern of letters, ideas, or
associations which assists in remembering something.
• notation- a series or system of written symbols used to
represent numbers, amounts, or elements
References
Bast.W.John.,Kahn.V.James.,2012.Research in Education, PHI
Learning Private Limited,91-93.
Gupta.Santhosh.,2010.Research Methodology and Statistical
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Jain.Lal.Gopal.,1998.Research Methodology- Methods, Tools
and Techniques, Mangal Deep Publications Jaipur,1-15.
Kothari.C.R.,1985.Research Methodology Methods and
Techniques, Wishwa Prakashan,15-186.
Kothari.C.R.,2014.Research Methodology, New Age
International Private Limited,95-117.
Kumar.Ranjith.,2011.Research Methodology, SAGE
Publications Private Limited,47-54.
References
Mishra.Rahld.P.,2015.Business Research Methods, Oxford
University Press,154-156.
Paneerselvam.R.,2014.Research Methodology, PHI Learning
Private Limited,45-51.
Walliman.Nicholas.,2011.Resarch Methods the basics, Taylor
and Francis group,52-59.
www.Kent.ac.uk/learning.