1914 World War I

1916Easter Rising . Catholic Repubblicans rebel against British rule in

Ireland.
1917 USA enters war against Germany.Russian Revolution.
The treaty of Versailles drawn up between Germany and the Allied powers.
1919-22 In India Gandhi initiates a policy on non-violent protest against the
British government.
1921The Irish Free State is created (Ulster excluded).
1936 Spanish Civil War breaks out.
1939World War II begins.
 Cultural Influences
Sigmun Freud
Man’s conscious behaviour is
governed by irrational
unconscious drives which are
established very early
life.Man’s percepetion of
realityy is subjective he
organizes the information
through the principle of
Free association of ideas.
C. Gustav Jung
He added the concept of
“collective unconscious”.A
sort of cultural memory
containng the universal
myths and beliefs of the
human race,which operates
on a symbolic level.
William James Henry Bergson
Man’s mind record every Time is a duration (duree)
single experience as a and not a series of poits.He
continuos flow of the didtinguishes:
“already” into “not
yet”stream of -Historical time
consciousness: -Psychological time
Consciousness is something Time is not linear.We
fluid which “flows” like a experience a mixture of
“stream” past,present and future in
the same moment.
Albert Einstein Friedrich Nietzsche
Space and time are He substitued Christian
subjective dimensions.With morality with a belief in
the theory of Relativity human power and
he caused a revolution in
perfectibility
science,art ad literature.
“God is dead”
The first half of 20th century was dominated by
Modernism, a complex and multifaced movement
which involved different art forms throughout Europe.
A significant characteristic of many Modernist’s works
(expecially in the field of literature and in the visual
art) is a strong interest in experimentalism.

The features of this movement are:

looking for balance and certainties
The spiritual desert of modern life
exploration of the primal unconscious
The ultimate futility of human existence
The beginning of 20th century saw an
escalation in artistic innovation. Its
epicentre was in Paris where took place
many of the most representative
movements in art,literature and music.
In the visual arts,Picasso and Braque
broke with the representational art and
fixed perspective to explore multiple
planes and volumetric relationship in
their cubist paintings.

Georges Braque
Woman with a Guitar (1913)
Oil and charcoal on canvas
Musee National d'Art Moderne, Paris
• Was born in Malaga in 1881

• Influences: Degas and Toulouse-Lautrec

• Blue Period  1901/1904

• Rose Period  1905/1906

• He passed through two stages:

1.Analytical cubism
2.Syntetic cubism

• He died in 1973
Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
• ORIGINAL TITLE: «Les bordel d’Avignon»;

• DATE: 1907;

• ARTIST: Pablo Picasso;

• TYPE OF PAINTING: oil on canvas;

• DIMENSION: 244x233 cm

• LOCATION: Museum of Modern Art, New York;

• STYLE: cubism;

• INNOVATION: simultaneous view and

fourth dimension;

• SUBJECT: five female nudes.

“ Every moment is the centre
and meeting place of an
extraordinary number of
perceptions which have not yet
been expressed ,,
Virginia Woolf

Features:

Lack of formal or
chronological order
Action takes place in
character’s mind
Disappearance of the plot
Interior monologue
Simultaneus Visions (1911)
Umberto Boccioni
 Life:
Born in Dublin in 1882.
 1888: He studies at Clonglowes Wood College ( one of the
most prestigious Jesuit school in Ireland) and then at the
University College (Catholic University of Dublin).
1905: He goes whit his wife Nora to Trieste,Italy.
1919-30:He meets in Paris, Ezra Pound.
1931-40:Because of the beginning of the II Word War he
returns in Switzerland.

Works :
1907-10 He publishes a collection of poetry Chamber
Music.
1914Dubliners.
1916 He published his semi- autobiographical first novel: A
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.
1922 : Ulysses.
Joyce’s first short stories published in 1914 in a collection called Dubliners.

Genre : Realist fiction; urban literature

Language: English (with some Irish and Hiberno-English sayings)

Structure:The stories are arranged in four groups, that correspond to four phases of man’s
life: Childhood, adolescence, maturity and public life.

Setting (time) Early 1900s

Setting (place) Dublin

Themes: The prison of routine; the desire for escape;the intersection of life and death

Motifs:
Paralysis: A feeling that many of the characters experience as a result of being tied to
antiquated and limited cultural and social tradictions . Joyce himself once defined Dublin as
the center of paralysis.

Epiphanies: Joyce’s novels are characterized by peaks of intensity in the narration that the
writer calls “epiphanies”.An epiphany is a sudden revelation in which ‘ the soul of the
commonest object seems to us radiant’.
 Plot:
A young woman of about nineteen years of age sits by her window, waiting to leave home. She muses
on the aspects of her life that are driving her away, while "in her nostrils was the smell of
dusty cretonne". Her mother has died as has her older brother Ernest. Her remaining brother, Harry is on
the road "in the church decorating business". She fears that her father will beat her as he used to beat
her brothers, and she has little loyalty for her sales job. She has fallen for a sailor named Frank who
promises to take her with him to Buenos Aires (spelled Buenos Ayres). Before leaving to meet Frank, she
hears an organ grinder outside, which reminds her of a melody that played on an organ on the day her
mother died and the promise she made to her mother to look after the home. At the dock where she
and Frank are ready to embark on a ship together, Eveline is deeply conflicted and makes the painful
decision not to leave with him. Nonetheless, her face registers no emotion at all.Like other tales
in Dubliners, such as "Araby", "Eveline" features a circular journey, where a character decides to go back
to where their journey began, and where the result of their journey is disappointment and reluctance to
travel.

Analysis:
Narrator: Third person narrator, that represents Eveline’s cousciousness

Protagonist: Eveline: a young woman forced to live a boring life , she is

introverted, passive, submitted by her father, influenced by
the mentality of the country and religion, fearful, unhappy and unsatisfied.
Eveline represents the feeling of paralysis, because at the end of the story
she decides not to go with Frank, because she has an epiphany, she hears
the sound of an organ and recalls her mother, so she remains motionless at
the seaport.
full title · Ulysses
author · James Joyce
type of work · Novel
genre · Modernist novel; comic novel; quest novel
language · English
time and place written · Trieste, Italy; Zurich, Switzerland; Paris;1914–1921
date of first publication · Individual episodes were published serially starting in 1918; as a novel,
it was first published in 1922
narrator .An amalgamation of anonymous narrators, episode fifteen has no narrator, in episode
eighteen Molly is first person narrator.
point of view. Episodes are told from the first and third-person viewpoint; episode three and
eighteen features an interior monologue.
tense · Present
setting (time) · 8:00 A.M., June 16, 1904–approximately 3 A.M., June 17,1904
setting (place) · Dublin, Ireland, and its surrounding suburbs
protagonist · Stephen Dedalus, Leopold Bloom, Molly Bloom
major conflict · Molly Bloom’s infidelity with Blazes Boylan; Stephen Dedalus’s search for a
symbolic father; Leopold Bloom’s desire for a son (his only son died eleven years ago several days
after his birth)

themes · The quest for paternity; the remorse of conscience; compassion as

heroic; parallax or the necessity of multiple perspectives
Plot :
The novel tells the story of a day in the life of advertising salesman Leopold
Bloom,who gets up,walks around Dublin,meeting various people along the way like
the indigent writer Stephen Dedalus with whom he visits a brothel and gets
drunk,before finally going home and laying beside his wife Molly.
This novel takes inspiration from the epic travels of Ulysses .

Features of the novel:

The various odysseys of Bloom,Stephen and Molly are voyages through the
internal sea of their consciousness.Joyce uses the interior monologue to
simulate the workings of consciousness .Firstly he employs incomplete
sentences,then there is a disjunctive syntax,slips of tongue,sudden changes of
tense to indicate the the contemporary of past and present and anticipate
future.Thoughts are connected by free association.
The Odyssey:
Odysseus: The Greek soldier and hero whose
ship,returning from Troy is blown off.After 20
years of bizzare and pericolous events he finally
return to Ithaca.
Telemachus :
Son of Ulysses awaiting his father’s return is forced
to share his home with his mother suitors who
treat him badly.
Penelope:
Ulysses’ wife who waits faithfully her husband’s
returns.She avoids the advaces of her suitors.
Ulysses:
Leopold Bloom: A middle-aged Jewish advertising
canvasser who steps out of his house one morning
to go wondering around Dublin.He his the
expression of a society which aims at survive.His
own life in Dublin is an Odyssey.Leopold Bloom is
an antihero, he is the modern imperfect and
fragile man.
Stephen Dedalus:
Indigent and arrogant young writer.He meets
Bloom who offers him a new house.
Dedalus is an autobiographical character ,he (like
Joyce) feels himself as a prisoner of his land
(Ireland) and so the only way to escape is
literature.
Molly Bloom:
Bloom’s wife,she is a semi-professional singer and
an adulterous wife who has a string of lovers.Molly
embodies her society ,
with its negative aspects and immoral behaviours.
James Joyce, Ulysses (chapter 9)