Digestive

System
Member:
Nicole P. Manimbo Riz Payawal
Kelly Amor Prinsipe Kaila Paglicauan
Crizsa Gregorio Charalyn Santos
 Parts of
Digestive
Systems
Salivary glands
Saliva is important to lubricate
your mouth, help with swallowing,
protect your teeth against bacteria, and
aid in the digestion of food. The three
major pairs of salivary glands are:
parotid glands on the insides of the
cheeks. submandibular glands at the
floor of the mouth. sublingual glands
under the tongue.
Mouth
is the beginning of the digestive tract;
and, in fact, digestion starts here when
taking the first bite of food. Chewing
breaks the food into pieces that are
more easily digested, while saliva
mixes with food to begin the process of
breaking it down into a form your body
can absorb and use.
Esophagus
located in your throat near your
trachea (windpipe), the esophagus
receives food from your mouth when
you swallow. By means of a series of
muscular contractions called
peristalsis, the esophagus delivers food
to your stomach.
Stomach
is a hollow organ, or "container," that holds
food while it is being mixed with enzymes
that continue the process of breaking down
food into a usable form. Cells in the lining
of the stomach secrete a strong acid and
powerful enzymes that are responsible for
the breakdown process. When the contents
of the stomach are sufficiently processed,
they are released into the small intestine.
Small Intestine
the narrow part of the intestine
that lies between the stomach and
colon, consists of duodenum, jejunum,
and ileum, secretes digestive enzymes,
and is the chief site of the digestion of
food into small molecules which are
absorbed into the body
Large Intestine
The long, tube-like organ that is
connected to the small intestine at one end
and the anus at the other. The large intestine
has four parts: cecum, colon, rectum, and anal
canal. Partly digested food moves through the
cecum into the colon, where water and some
nutrients and electrolytes are removed. The
remaining material, solid waste called stool,
moves through the colon, is stored in the
rectum, and leaves the body through the anal
canal and anus.
Pancreas
secretes digestive enzymes into the
duodenum, the first segment of the
small intestine. These enzymes break
down protein, fats, and carbohydrates.
The pancreas also makes insulin,
secreting it directly into the
bloodstream. Insulin is the chief
hormone for metabolizing sugar.
Rectums
is an 8-inch chamber that connects
the colon to the anus. It is the rectum's
job to receive stool from the colon, to
let the person know that there is stool
to be evacuated, and to hold the stool
until evacuation happens.
Liver
has multiple functions, but its main function
within the digestive system is to process the
nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. Bile
from the liver secreted into the small intestine
also plays an important role in digesting fat. In
addition, the liver is the body's chemical
"factory." It takes the raw materials absorbed by
the intestine and makes all the various chemicals
the body needs to function. The liver also
detoxifies potentially harmful chemicals. It
breaks down and secretes many drugs.
Gallbladder
is a small hollow organ where bile is
stored and concentrated before it is released
into the small intestine. In humans, the pear-
shaped gallbladder lies beneath the liver,
although the structure and position of the
gallbladder can vary significantly among
animal species. It receives and stores bile,
produced by the liver, via the common hepatic
duct and releases it via the common bile duct
into the duodenum, where the bile helps in
the digestion of fats.
Appendix
sits at the junction of the small
intestine and large intestine. It’s a thin
tube about four inches long. Normally,
the appendix sits in the lower right
abdomen.
Anus
is the last part of the digestive tract. It is a 2-
inch long canal consisting of the pelvic floor
muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and
external). The lining of the upper anus is
specialized to detect rectal contents. It lets you
know whether the contents are liquid, gas, or
solid. The anus is surrounded by sphincter
muscles that are important in allowing control of
stool. The pelvic floor muscle creates an angle
between the rectum and the anus that stops stool
from coming out when it is not supposed to.
Digestion
is the breakdown of food into small
molecules, which are then absorbed
into the body. The digestive system is
divided into two major parts:
Digestive Tract
(Alimentary Canal) is a continuous
tube with two openings: the mouth and the
anus. It includes the mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and
large intestine. Food passing through the
internal cavity, or lumen, of the digestive
tract does not technically enter the body
until it is absorbed through the walls of the
digestive tract and passes into blood or
lymphatic vessels.
Accessory organs
include the teeth and tongue,
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas.
1. Ingestion is the process of eating.
2. Propulsion is the movement of food
along the digestive tract. The major
means of propulsion is peristalsis, a
series of alternating contractions and
relaxations of smooth muscle that lines
the walls of the digestive organs and that
forces food to move forward.
3. Secretion of digestive enzymes and
other substances liquefies, adjusts the pH
of, and chemically breaks down the food.
4. Mechanical digestion is the process of
physically breaking down food into smaller
pieces. This process begins with the chewing
of food and continues with the muscular
churning of the stomach. Additional churning
occurs in the small intestine through
muscular constriction of the intestinal wall.
This process, called segmentation, is similar
to peristalsis, except that the rhythmic timing
of the muscle constrictions forces the food
backward and forward rather than forward
only.
5. Chemical digestion is the process of
chemically breaking down food into simpler
molecules. The process is carried out by
enzymes in the stomach and small intestines.
6. Absorption is the movement of molecules
(by passive diffusion or active transport) from
the digestive tract to adjacent blood and
lymphatic vessels. Absorption is the entrance
of the digested food (now called nutrients)
into the body.
7. Defecation is the process of eliminating
undigested material through the anus.
 Crohn
disease
• also called regional enteritis or regional
ileitis, chronic inflammation of the
digestive tract, usually occurring in the
terminal portion of the ileum, the region
of the small intestine farthest from the
stomach.
• The most common symptoms of Crohn
disease include diarrhea and abdominal
pain. Rectal bleeding, fever, weight
loss, arthritis, and anemia are
indications of moderate to severe
disease.
 Celiac
disease
• also called nontropical sprue or celiac sprue, an
inherited autoimmune digestive disorder in
which affected individuals cannot
tolerate gluten,
a protein constituent of wheat, barley, malt,
and rye flours.
• General symptoms of the disease include the
passage of foul pale-coloured stools
(steatorrhea),
progressive malnutrition, diarrhea,
decreased appetiteand weight loss,
multiple vitamin deficiencies, stunting of
growth, abdominal pain, skin rash, and defects
in tooth enamel.
Cholera
• an acute infection of the small intestine caused
by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and
characterized by extreme diarrhea with rapid
and severe depletion of body fluids and salts.
Cholera has often risen to epidemic proportions
in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia,
particularly in India and Bangladesh.
• The diarrhea is frequently accompanied by
vomiting, and the patient rapidly becomes
dehydrated. The blood pressure falls, the pulse
becomes faint, and muscular cramps may
become severe. The patient’s eyes become hollow
and sunken, and the skin becomes wrinkled,
giving the hands the appearance of
“washerwoman’s hands.”