Drying Of Process

Material

PRESENTED BY-
KRISHNA JAISWAL
19102269
 PRESENTATION FLOW
• Introduction
• Purpose of drying
• Equipment for drying
• Equilibrium moisture content of materials
• Rate of drying curve
• Calculation method for constant rate drying period
• Calculation method for falling rate drying period
• Summary
• References
 INTRODUCTION
Drying – It is basically a process of removal of water or other organic liquids from
the solids.
In general drying means removal of relatively small amounts of water from the
material. Evaporation refers to removal of relatively large amounts of water from
material. Evaporation is a surface phenomena while drying is done to remove
moisture from solids.
The general principle of drying is that if a material is exposed to air at given
temperature and humidity the material will either loose or gain water until an
equilibrium condition is reached.
Tabular difference between drying and evaporation
 PURPOSE OF DRYING
• Drying process is extensively used in dyes, food , pharmaceutical industries etc.
• To reduce the cost of transportation.
• In food industry micro-organisms can spoil the product if high amount of
moisture is present, so it is dried before packaging.
• The final product may get corroded if the moisture is not removed.
 EQUIPMENTS FOR DRYING
• Tray Dryer
This is a batch type dryer generally used in small scale production.
It consists of cabinet filled with trays (4-96) on which lumpy solids are uniformly
spread.
Velocity of air is generally between 0.3 - 3 m/s.
Suitable for wet filter cake, fine chemicals , pasty substances etc.
TRAY DRYER
 CONTINUOUS DRYER
Belt Dryer
• They are tray compartments operated in series. The solids are placed on the tray
which moves continuously through a tunnel with hot gases passing over the
surface of each tray. The hot air flow can be counter current , co current or a
combination of both.
• Velocity of air is between 0.25-1.5 m/s.
• Typically used for drying catalyst pellets, resin particles, food products etc.
EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT OF MATERIALS
In drying apparatus the material is dried in contact with air vapour mixture. An
important variable in drying of material is the humidity of air in contact with solid
of given moisture content and the temperature of air.
Eventually after exposure of solid for sufficiently long time for equilibrium to
reach, solid will attain a definite moisture content. This is known as the
equilibrium moisture content of the material under specific humidity and
temperature of air.
The moisture content is usually expressed on a dry basis as kg of water/ kg of
moisture free solid.
 BOUND AND UNBOUND WATER IN SOLIDS
• If the equilibrium moisture content of a material is continued to its intersection
with 100% humidity line, the moisture is bound water.
• If such a material contains more water than indicated by intersection with 100%
humidity line, the excess moisture content is called unbound water which is
generally held in the voids of solid.
• Free moisture content is the moisture above equilibrium moisture content.
 RATE OF DRYING CURVE
• Experimental determination-
Solid material is spread on container and top surface is exposed to drying air
stream. By suspending the tray from the balance in a cabinet through which air is
flowing, the loss in weight of moisture during drying can be determined at
different intervals without interrupting the operation. The velocity, humidity ,
temperature and direction of air should be same and constant to simulate drying
under constant drying condition.
 RATE OF DRYING CURVE FOR CONSTANT DRYING
CONDITION
• The data obtained from experiment gives
W- Total weight of wet solid at different times t hours in drying period.
Ws – Weight of dry solid.
Xt= Total moisture content = [W-Ws]/Ws.
For a given drying condition we can get equilibrium moisture content X*.
So we can get free moisture content X
X= Xt – X*.
 RATE OF DRYING CURVE FOR CONSTANT DRYING
CONDITION
A plot of Free moisture content X versus time t is made.
 RATE OF DRYING CURVE FOR CONSTANT DRYING
CONDITION
A plot of Free moisture content X versus time t is made.
 RATE OF DRYING CURVE FOR CONSTANT DRYING
CONDITION
A plot of Free moisture content X versus time t is made.
 RATE OF DRYING CURVE FOR CONSTANT DRYING
CONDITION
A plot of Free moisture content X versus time t is made.
 RATE OF DRYING CURVE FOR CONSTANT DRYING
CONDITION
A plot of Free moisture content X versus time t is made.
 RATE OF DRYING CURVE
𝐿𝑆 𝑑𝑋
• R=−
𝐴 𝑑𝑡
Ls –Kg of dry solid used

A- Exposed surface area

for drying in m2
 RATE OF DRYING CURVE
𝐿𝑆 𝑑𝑋
• R=−
𝐴 𝑑𝑡
Ls –Kg of dry solid used

A- Exposed surface area

for drying in m2

The surface of solid remains

moist because of rapid transport

of moisture from inside solid

to surface. There is no resistance

to liquid transport within solid.

 RATE OF DRYING CURVE
𝐿𝑆 𝑑𝑋
• R=−
𝐴 𝑑𝑡
Ls –Kg of dry solid used

A- Exposed surface area

for drying in m2

Dry patches appear on surface

because capillary forces are no

longer able to transport enough

moisture from within.

 RATE OF DRYING CURVE
𝐿𝑆 𝑑𝑋
• R=−
𝐴 𝑑𝑡
Ls –Kg of dry solid used

A- Exposed surface area

for drying in m2
 CALCULATION METHODS FOR CONSTANT RATE
DRYING PERIOD
• The time taken for the free moisture content to reduce from X1 to X2 is calculated
as –
𝐿𝑆 𝑑𝑋
R=−
𝐴 𝑑𝑡

t =𝑡 𝐿 X 𝑑𝑋
t = ‫׬‬t 2=0 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑆 ‫׬‬X 1
1 𝐴 2 𝑅

As drying takes place in constant rate period so both X1 & X2 > Xc

R is also constant in that period (Rc)
𝐿𝑠
𝑡= (𝑋 − 𝑋2 )
𝑅𝑐 𝐴 1
Let 𝑋1 = 0.38 kg water/ kg solid,
𝑋2 = 0.25 kg water/ kg solid
Xc = 0.195 kg water/ kg solid
Rc = 1.51
𝐿𝑆
= 21.5 kg/ m2
𝐴
𝐿𝑠
𝑡= (𝑋 − 𝑋2 )
𝑅𝑐 𝐴 1

t = 21.5*(0.38-0.25)/1.51
= 1.85 hr.
CALCULATION METHODS FOR FALLING RATE
DRYING PERIOD
• In this case R is not constant so we need to plot 1/R vs X graph and calculate the
area under curve.
Let 𝑋1 =0.195, 𝑋2 = 0.040

X R 1/R

0.195 1.51 0.663

0.15 1.21 0.826

0.1 0.9 1.11

0.065 0.71 1.41

0.05 0.37 2.7

0.04 0.27 3.7

Area =0.189
t = 21.5 * 0.189
= 4.06 hrs.
 CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN CONSTANT
RATE DRYING PERIOD
• The rate of removal of water vapour is controlled by rate of heat transfer to the
evaporating surface, which furnishes the latent heat of evaporation for the liquid.
At steady state rate of mass transfer balances rate of heat transfer.
• Here we neglect the heat transfer by radiation and conduction.
• We consider only the heat transfer to the solid surface by convection from the hot
gas to the solid and mass transfer from the surface to the hot gas.
• q = h (T-TW) A
T is temp of gas ; Tw is temp of solid surface; A is exposed drying area.

NA=ky(yw-y)
yw is mole fraction of water vapour
in gas at surface; y is mole fraction
in gas.
ky is MTC in kg mol/s. m2

𝐻/𝑀𝐴 𝐻𝑀𝐵
𝑦= =
1/𝑀𝐵 +𝐻/𝑀𝐴 𝑀𝐴
 𝑀𝐵
𝑁𝐴 = 𝑘𝑦 𝐻 −𝐻
𝑀𝐴 𝑤
𝑁𝐴 = Kg mol H2O evaporating /s. m2 ; 𝑀𝐵 = Molecular weight of air; 𝑀𝐴 = Molecular
weight of water; k y = Mass transfer coefficient in kg mol/s. m2

H = Humidity ; 𝐻𝑆 = Saturated Humidity

Heat needed to vaporize NA is:

q = NA MA λW A KJ/s
λW is latent heat at TW
• RC = q/A λW
= h(T-TW)/λW = ky MB (HW - H)
However it is preferred to use heat transfer equation instead of mass transfer since
an error in determining Tw affects driving force (T-TW) less than it affects (HW - H).
The heat transfer coefficient can be calculated as
When air flows parallel to the drying surface.
h = 0.0204G0.8 (For 45 < T <150 C ; 2450 < G < 29300 kg/hr. m2 ; 0.61 < v < 7.6 m/s)
When air flows perpendicular to the drying surface.
h = 1.17 G0.37 (For 45 < T <150 C ; 3900 < G < 19500 kg/hr. m2 ; 0.9 < v < 4.6 m/s)
• An insoluble granular material wet with water is being dried up in a pan 0.457m
x 0.457m x 25.4 mm deep. The material is 25.4m deep (zs) in metal pan, and the
sides and bottom are considered to be insulated. Heat transfer is by convection
from an airstream flowing parallel to the surface at a velocity of 6.1 m/s and
having a temperature of 65.6 C and humidity H = 0.010 kg Water/ kg dry air.
Estimate the rate of drying for constant rate period.
• For H= 0.01, T = 65.6 C and using humidity chart
Tw =28.9 C. , Hw = 0.026
22.4 1 𝐻
The humid volume Vh= 273
𝑥 𝑇 28.97
+ 18.02

= [2.83 x 10-3 + 4.56 x 10-3H] x T

= 0.974 m3/kg dry air
The density for 1 kg dry air + 0.010 kg H2O is
ρ = (1 + 0.010)/0.974 = 1.034 kg/m3
G = v x ρ = 6.1 x 3600 x 1.037 = 22770 kg/h. m2
h = 0.0204 G0.8 = 62.45 W/m2 K.
At Tw =28.9 C, λw=2433 KJ/Kg (From steam table)
Rc = h(T-TW)/λW = 3.39 kg/h . m2
 CONVECTION, RADIATION AND CONDUCTION
HEAT TRANSFER IN CONSTANT RATE PERIOD
• Consider drying of solid from top surface
Total rate of heat transfer :
Q = qc + qr + qk
qc = ℎ𝑐 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑆 )𝐴
qr = ℎ𝑅 (𝑇𝑅 − 𝑇𝑆 )𝐴
4
𝑇𝑅 4 𝑇𝑆
−
ℎ𝑅 = ℇ (5.676) 100 100
𝑇𝑅 − 𝑇𝑆
qk = 𝑈𝐾 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑆 A

1
𝑈𝐾 = 1 𝑧
𝑚 𝑠𝑧
+ +
ℎ𝑐 𝑘𝑚 𝑘𝑠
 𝑀𝐵
• 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑘𝑦 𝐻𝑆 − 𝐻
𝑀𝐴

𝑁𝐴 = Kg mol H2O evaporating /s. m2

𝑀𝐵 =Molecular weight of air
𝑀𝐴 = Molecular weight of water

k y = Mass transfer coefficient in kg mol/s. m2

H = Humidity
𝐻𝑆 = Saturated Humidity
• So the amount of heat needed to vaporize 𝑁𝐴 kg mol/ s. m2 of water is
q = 𝑀𝐴 𝑁𝐴 λ𝑠 𝐴
λ𝑠 is latent heat at 𝑇𝑆 in J/kg
𝑞
𝑅𝑐 =
𝐴λ𝑆
ℎ𝑐 +𝑈𝐾 𝑇−𝑇𝑆 +ℎ𝑅 𝑇𝑅 −𝑇𝑆
=
λ𝑆

= 𝑘𝑦 𝑀𝐵 𝐻𝑆 − 𝐻

𝐻𝑆 −𝐻 λ𝑆 𝑈𝐾 ℎ𝑅
= 1+ 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑆 + 𝑇𝑅 − 𝑇𝑆
ℎ𝑐 /𝑘𝑦 𝑀𝐵 ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐

ℎ𝑐
= 𝐶𝑆 = 1.005 + 1.88𝐻 𝑇 3 J/Kg . K
𝑘𝑦 𝑀𝐵
• An insoluble granular material wet with water is being dried up in a pan 0.457m
x 0.457m x 25.4 mm deep. The material is 25.4m deep (zs) in metal pan which has
metal bottom with thickness 𝑧𝑚 = 0.610 mm having a thermal conductivity 𝑘𝑚 =
43.3 W/m.K. The thermal conductivity of solid can be assumed as 𝑘𝑠 =
0.865 W/m. K . Heat transfer is from convection from airstream flowing parallel
to the top drying surface and the bottom metal surface at a velocity of 6.1 m/s
and having a temperature of 65.6 C and humidity H = 0.010 kg Water/ kg dry air.
The top surface also receives direct radiation from steam heated pipes whose
surface temperature TR = 93.3 C. The emissivity of the solid is ε = 0.92. Estimate
the rate of drying for constant rate period.
• ℎ𝑐 is predicted as 62.45 W/m2 K
The temperature will be above the wet bulb temperature Tw = 28.9 C.
Let Ts be 32.2 C.
Then λS = 2424 KJ/Kg from steam tables. From humidity chart = Hs =0.031
366.5/100 4 − 305.4/100 4
hr = 0.92*0.5676* = 7.96 W/m2 K.
366.5−305.4

1
Uk = 1 𝑧𝑚 𝑧𝑠 = 22.04 W/m2 K.
+ +
ℎ𝑐 𝑘𝑚 𝑘𝑠

𝐶𝑆 = 1.005 + 1.88𝐻 𝑇 3 = 1.024 x 103 J/kg K

0.031−0.01 λ𝑆 22.04 7.96
= 1+ 65.6 − 𝑇𝑆 + 93.3 − 𝑇𝑆
1.024𝑥103 62.45 62.45

TS= 34.4 C.
• Assume Ts = 32.5 C
λs = 2423 x 103, Hs = 0.032.
We get Ts =32.8 C.
ℎ𝑐 +𝑈𝐾 𝑇−𝑇𝑆 +ℎ𝑅 𝑇𝑅 −𝑇𝑆
RC = = 4.83 kg/h. m2.
λ𝑆
 SUMMARY
The rate of drying in presence of radiation, conduction and convection is 4.83 kg/h.
m2 as compared to 3.39 kg/h. m2 in absence of radiation and conduction.

The time taken in falling rate period is much more than in constant rate period for
same concentration change.
 REFERENCES
• Transport process and unit operations, Geankoplis.
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/drying-process
• www.google.com