LESSON 7

DRUG
EDUCATION
 DRUG EDUCATION
The number of drugs used today is vast
and is steadily increasing as new drugs are
developed and new uses are found for old
drugs, several drugs still used by the factor
such as the active principle in aspirin, have
been used clinically for many hundreds of
years.
DRUG DEFINITION
– It is a substance that affects the function of
living cells, used in medicine to diagnose, cure,
prevent the occurrence of diseases and disorders
and prolong the life of patients with incurable
conditions.
DRUG ABUSE
– It is the overuse of a drug without due regard
to accepted medical practice resulting in the
individual’s physical, mental, emotional or
behavioral impairment.
DRUG DEPENDENCE
– It is a compulsive behavior brought about by drug
abuse. In 1987, the American Medical Association
declared all drug dependence to be diseases. When
chemical dependencies are viewed as diseases, their
treatment and understanding are facilitated. Such a
view also reduces the guilt and blame traditionally
associated with chemical dependency.
DRUG USER
– Is a another term for “drug addict” which refers
to an individual who is dependent on a certain
drug or drugs. Smith et al. (1986) define
addiction as a pathological process involving a
compulsion to use a psychoactive drug, loss of
control over use of the drug and continued use of
the drug despite adverse consequences.
Common Signs of Drug Abuse
1. Change in attendance at work or school.
2. Change from normal capabilities (work habits, efficiency,
etc.
3. Poor physical appearance, including in attention to dress
and personal hygiene.
4. Constant wearing of sunglasses at inappropriate times (for
instance, indoors or at night not only to hide dilute or
constricted pupils but also to compensate the eyes’ inability
to adjust to sunlight). Marijuana causes, bloodshot eyes.
Common Signs of Drug Abuse
5. Unusual effort made to cover arms in order to hide needle
marks.
6. Association with known drug users.
7. Stealing items that can be readily sold for cash (to support
a drug habit).
8. Change in mood, depending on the drug taken.
Classification of drugs
and their uses
 ALCOHOL LIQUOR

which is extracted from chemical

compound as ethyl and hydrocarbon, is a
dangerous chemical substance that triggers
the central nervous system and may damage
vital human organs.
 Effects of Alcohol Use

 Give a feeling of relaxation and loss of inhibition

 A sense of excitement due to the release of inhibitions
 Disrupted motor activity, motor skills and coordination
 Deep intoxication that causes disturbance in bodily processes
 Dilated superficial blood vessels causing warm feeling
 Deep intoxication that can lead to “coma” and “death”
 Warning consciousness, causing mental dullness
 Loss of self-control resulting in violent behavior
 MARIJUANA
(Cannabis Sativa)
is annual plant that grows wild in many
temperate parts of the world.
 Effects of Marijuana

 Throat intoxication and coughing

 Increased heartbeat and pulse rate
 Reddening of the eyes, dizziness, bodily incoordination
 Sleepiness and decreased physical activity
 Possible chronic bronchitis and asthma
 Feeling of excitement and friendliness
 Distortion of time and space perception
 Disturbance of brainwave activity, causing of impairment of skills leading to
abnormal behavior.
 STIMULANTS
are drugs used to increase mental
activity, relieve fatigue, increase alertness and
offset drowsiness.
a) Amphetamines
b) Cocaine
c) Shabu (methamphetamine, HCL)
 Effects of Stimulants

 Feeling of being stronger, more decisive and self-possessed

 Extended wakefulness and increased mental alertness
 May include irritability, anxiety and fear
 Loss of appetite resulting in decreased body weight
 Pregnant women who abused “shabu” can cause mental
retardation to their unborn babies
 Loss of sexual desire and interest towards work
 Effects of Stimulants

 “Schizophrenia” or split personality, leading to violent

behavior
 Loss of memory by chronic users
 Chronic snorters from irritation of the nose leading to
frequent nose bleeding
 Injecting “shabu” using dirty needles can lead to various
infections such as Hepatitis B, blood poisoning and AIDS
 COUGH SYRUP
are also called over the counter colds/cough
preparations
a) Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine and
phenylproppanolamine for nasal decongestion
b) Clorophenamine maleate for allergic asthma,
nocturnal cough
c) Dextromethorpan is cough suppressant; codeine
has an anti-tussive effect
 DEPRESSANTS

are usually known as “downers”. Theses

drugs act on the nervous system, promoting
relaxation and sleep
a) Barbiturates
b) Mathaqualone
 Effects of Depressants

A usual dose of barbiturates causing a calming, relaxing

effect that promotes sleep. Other notable reactions are given.

 Relief of anxiety and excitement

 Reduce mental and physical activity
 A marked decreased in breathing
 BARBITURATES

are used to reduce the frequency of

convulsions in epileptics.
 Effects of Barbiturates

An overdose of barbiturate produces the following reactions.

 Unconsciousness and decrease in breathing

 Deepening unconsciousness leading to “coma”
 HALLUCINOGENS
(Psychedelics)
are drugs that can produce changes in
mood and behavior. They can produce
delusions and hallucinations. They induce
a state of excitation of the central nervous
system, shown by changes in mood.
Hallucinogens disorient the sense of
direction, distance and time of a person.
 HALLUCINOGENS
(Psychedelics)
A user may speak of “hearing” colors,
“seeing” sounds.
a) Mescaline
b) LSD
c) Psilocybin
d) Phencyclidine
 Effects of Hallucinogens

 Increased heartbeat and pulse rate

 Elevated or increased blood pressure
 Increase activity of the body due to the effect of the brain
 Enlarged or dilated pupils of the eyes
 Increased body temperature
 Paleness of the face and skin of the body
 TRANQUILIZER

is a drug used to treat nervous

disorders, calm psychotic patients. They
are not habit-forming but when taken in
large numbers will produce deep
unconsciousness, a drop in blood pressure
and finally respiration stops leading top
death.
 TRANQUILIZER

While the margin of safety associated

with these drugs is considerable, overdose
can occur and continuous use can lead to
dependence.
a) Meprobamate
b) Diazepam
 Effects of Tranquilizers

 Physical weaknesses and sleepiness

 Induced mental and psychological dullness
 It calms the nerves and relieves tension and anxiety
 Overdose can lead to “coma”, respiratory of failure and death
 NARCOTICS

in medicine, refer to opium, morphine,

codeine, heroin and hydromophone.
 Effects of Narcotics

 Reduced size of the pupils of the eyes and reduced vision

 Drowsiness and decreased physical activity
 Nausea, vomiting and difficulty in breathing if taken in larger
dosage
 “Tolerance”, which finally leads to “drug dependence”
 Induced “come” with slow, shallow respiration
 Convulsions, followed by the stopping of breathing that can lead to
death if overdose
 INHALANTS

are volatile substances derived from

ether or chloroform. It is an inhalator through
the nose to experience intoxication. Recently,
inhalation of different substances known as
“glue sniffing” has become popular among
young people in their early teens.
 INHALANTS
These substances include the following:
a) Quick drying glue or plastic cement, like rugby
b) Paint remover and lacquer, such as thinner and solvent
c) Gasoline and other gasoline-based products
d) Kerosene or commonly known as gaas
e) Nail polish and cuticle remover
f) Lighter-fluid and dry-cleaning fluid
 Effects of Inhalants

 Unsteadiness and restlessness

 Drunkenness with depression leading to unconsciousness
 Irritability and highly agitated condition
 Initial excitement thereby losing emotional control
 Irritation of the throat an nasal passages. Sometimes inhalants
contain toxic elements that are harmful to the heart and can cause
sudden death when inhaled
What are the reasons behind these drugs?

The most common reason why drugs are abused is as follows:

 For relief from problems – personal, family, school or work

 To experience its effect on the minds and body
 To ease depression, boredom, pain or misery
 Giving in to pressures from “peers” or other drug users
 For curiosity, due to misinformation from acquaintances
 For security feelings – with drugs, they have self-confidence
Some of the preventive measures for drug abuse

Drug abuse must be avoided from the start before problem set in.
There are several basic ways to do this, namely
a) Improvement in family relations. The parents and children must
communicate with each other and strengthen their ties to combat
drug addiction;
b) Direct and sincere action on the part of the government to address
the growing problems of drug abuse;
c) Clear and noticeable reforms in the environment and economy to
provide everyone with a bright future and good life;
Some of the preventive measures for drug abuse

d) Strict enforcement of drug laws against violators and traffickers;

e) Establishment of a dedicated judiciary so as to facilitate the
delivery of aid of victims of drug abuse;
f) Complete “crackdown” against drug pusher and syndicates; and
g) Instituting heavy penalties, specifically the “death penalty’ for
drug-relaated crime and serious drug violators
 Roles of schools, the
community and parents
in preventing drug abuse
School
Every school must formulate a “drug policy” designed
to help students and all school personnel fight drug abuse.

Also, the school can initiate “drug awareness” program

and realistic prevention efforts that will benefit the entire
community.
Community
The community, as a whole, must work toward eradicating the drug menace by:

 Conducting an anti-drug campaign, cooperating with authorities in the arrest of

the drug pushers;
 Helping drug users get treatment from drug rehabilitation centers, dismantling the
drug-based network existing in the community through police action;
 Planning a community action program involving young people, civic welfare, and
religious organizations in tackling the drug problem; and
 Organizing worthwhile and constructive activities such as recreational, social, and
economic projects that will serve as a positive alternative to drug abuse.
Parents
Parents must serve as a model to their children through the following:
 If parents use medicines improperly and in large dosages, children will imitate
this bad example. This should be avoided.
 Parents must teach their children not to use drugs indiscriminately so as to
develop in their children the correct drug attitude.
 Parents should advice their children on their choice of friends and inculcate the
basic knowledge about drug abuse.
 If parents discover their son or daughter is into drugs, they must face the
problem and seek professional help at once.
 Parents must create a happy family life and maintain an open communication
between them and their children.
What are some pieces of helpful and timely advice for
these problems?
o Maintain good physical and mental health.
o Use drugs properly. Most drugs are beneficial when used under medical
advice.
o Understand your own self. Accept and respect yourself for what you are
o Develop your potentials. Engage in wholesome, productive and fulfilling
activities.
o Learn to relate effectively with others. Have somebody to whom you can
communicate your problems and other stresses without the use of drugs
o Seek professional help if you cannot cope with your problems anymore.
o Develop strong moral and spiritual foundation in life.
LESSON 8

ENVIRONMENTAL
EDUCATION
 ENVIRONMENTAL
EDUCATION
It is a process of teaching and learning,
helping to acquire understanding skills and
values that makes them active and informed
citizens in the development and maintenance
of an ecological, sustainable and socially just
society.
Goals and Objectives of Environmental Education
To have environmentally literate and responsible citizenry
who will ensure the protection and the improvement of the
GOALS environment and bring about sustainability, social equity and
economic efficiency in the use of the country’s natural
resources. The people must develop a sympathetic attitude
towards the diversity and sustainability of resources on earth
for the survival and stability of life.

It can be attained in terms of the learner’s

awareness, knowledge, attitudes, skills and participation
to the resolution of the environmental problems, issues OBJECTIVES
and concerns. The learners must consider the
environment in its totality-natural and built, technological
and social (economic, political, cultural, historical, moral
and aesthetic)
Environmental education must be

Action-oriented. It should involve finding solutions to real environmental

problems and issues.
Experiential. It should use variety of approaches and environments.
Future-oriented. It must be concerned with the present and future
generations.
Globally-oriented. It must consider the whole earth as one ecosystem.
Holistic. It must deal with the natural and man-made aspect of the environment.
Interdisciplinary. It must relate to all disciplines.
Issue-oriented. It must deal with local, regional, national and global perspective.
Classification and Sources
of Pollution
POLLUTION
DEFINITION
– It is defined as the alteration of our
surroundings, wholly or largely as a product of
man’s actions, through direct or indirect effects
of changes in every patter of chemical and
physical constituents of organisms.
 AIR POLLUTION

defined as physical and chemical

alteration of the properties of air, which is
harmful to human health, vegetation and
animals.
 Major
types of air
Pollution Outdoor Pollution

Indoor Pollution
 OUTDOOR
POLLUTION
type of pollution derived from the
mixture or collection of additional loads of
chemical produced by natural events and
human activities which react with the natural
components of the atmosphere thereby
producing harmful effects to living system.
Major Source of Outdoor Pollution

 Burning of fossil fuels for power consumption

 Photochemical and industrial smog
 Volcanic eruption to emit sulfuric dioxide and suspended
particulates
 Forest fire, kaingin
 Evaporation of volatile organic compounds from decaying
organic matters
 Natural radioactive 22-gas from Uranium deposits
 CLASSES OF AIR POLLUTANTS

Pollutants Common members

Carbon Oxide (CO) Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Sulfur trioxide (SO3)
Nitrogen Oxide (NO) Nitric oxide (NO)
Nitrogen oxide (NO2)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
VOC’s (Volatile Organic Methane (CH4)
Compound) Butane (C4H10)
 CLASSES OF AIR POLLUTANTS

Pollutants Common members

SPM (Suspended Particulates Dust, soot (Carbon)
Matter) Asbestos, Lead(Pb)
Chromium (Cr)
Arsenic (As)
Liquid Droplets Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Nitric acid (HNO3)
Photochemical Oxidants DDT, malathion, etc.
Ozone (O3)
 INDOOR
POLLUTION
type of pollution derived from the
accumulation or build up of chemical, SPM,
VOC’s inside the office, buildings, houses,
school, commercial store that are harmful top
health.
 Sources Class/Type Health Threat
Aerosol spray Trichloroethane Breathing difficulty

Chlorine treated water Chloroform Cancer

Air freshener crystal and moth Par-chlorobenzene Cancer

balls
Tobacco and cigarettes Nicotine Lung cancer, heart disease

Carpets and plastic products Styrene Liver and kidney damage

Paint stripper and thinner Methylene Diabetes and nerve disorder

Gas stove, kerosene, heater, Nitrogen oxide Respiratory disorder

woodstone
Dry cleaning fluids Tetrachloroethylene Nerve, liver and kidney damage
 WATER POLLUTION

defined as the physical or chemical

changes in the surface and ground water
caused by pollutants that can adversely affect
living organisms.
 Major Source of Water Pollution

 Point Source- a source of pollution that discharges

pollutants or any affluent, such as waste water, through
pipes, ditches and sewer into bodies of water to specific
location.

Sources: sewage treatment plants of factories, electric power

plants, abandoned underground coal oil tanker offshore oil wellls
and mine.
 Major Source of Water Pollution

 Non-point Source- a source of pollution that are widely

scattered and discharges pollutants over a large area.

Sources: run off into surface water, seepage into ground water
in urban and suburban lands, construction areas and roadways,
etc.
Common Types of Water Pollutants and its Sources

 Disease causing organism (bacteria, viruses protozoa and parasites)

 Oxygen demanding wastes (domestic sewage, animal manure)
 Water soluble inorganic chemicals (acids, slats, toxic metals, etc.)
 Inorganic plant nutrients (water soluble nitrate and phosphate salt)
 Organic chemicals (insoluble and water soluble oil, gasoline, plastic,
pesticides, solvents, etc.)
 Sediments of suspended matter (insoluble pesticide soil, salt and
other inorganic and organic materials that can remain suspended in
water
 Radioactive substances (Radon 222 and uranium)
 SOLID WASTES/LAND
POLLUTION
refers to the presence in land of any solid
waste in such quality, of such nature and
duration, and under such conditions that
would injurious to human health or welfare,
animal or plantlike or property.
 SOLID WASTES/LAND
POLLUTION
Citizens should divide their waste and garbage
into four categories:
a)Combustibles
b) Non-combustible
c) Recyclable
d)Hazardous wastes
Solid Waste and its Disposal

There are only three places for wastes to end up:

 in the ground
 in the air
 some of our waste end up in each place
 Incineration – reducing solid waste by burning it first and this cause fly
ash, gases and particulate matter to the air.

 Ocean dumping – about 50 million tons of waste a year are discharge into
the ocean; 300 kilometers offshore. Disease – causing
organisms and heavy metals have destroyed numerous
fisheries.
 Effective Ways of Recycling and Reducing the Non-Degradable
and Degradable Wastes
The production of the vast majority of
commercial products in our market is basically utilizing material that
are essentially non-biodegradable products and hence, is a major contributing
factor to the growing volume of environmental wastes (e.g. about 3,300 metric
tons of solid waste per day in the Metropolis). In Metro Manila alone, he inter-
related problems of population growth, proliferation of slum and squatter areas, industrial
development and inadequate sewage and waste management system have imposed
tremendous strain/stress on us already over burdened or sick environment. Over the years,
almost about 55-60% of the so-called environmental wastes are non-biodegradable
materials and about 15-18% are biodegradable products, while considering the
remaining percentage to be hazardous or toxic wastes resulting from the
mismanagement of domestic activities.
The Four R’s of Waste Management - A guiding Principle

 REDUCE – Avoid wasteful consumption of goods. Begins by asking the question: “Do I
really need it?’’ in so doing, we minimize waste and conserve our natural resources.
Conservation like charity begins at home.

 REUSE – Whenever practicable reuse items that is useful instead of throwing them
away. It would greatly help if we patronize goods that are reusable, rather than throw
away types.

 RECYCLE – Waste can be valuable resource. Items that are useless or of very little value
to someone who wants to dispose of them are very often of significant value to others
at another setting and/or time. The process whereby portions of these wastes are
sorted out and used for something of benefit is called recycling.

 REPAIR – Whenever items that are reusable and need for a repair to make it functional
instead of throwing it.
 Simple and Effective Ways of 4 R’s
(Personal Waste Management)

• Avoid over-packed goods

• Avoid disposable goods such as throw-away razors, pens, diapers and
lately, even disposable cameras
• Buy food in bulk. Patronize whose contents are refillable
• Practice composting (e.g. yard clipping and leaves)
• Patronize recycled and recyclable goods (avoid PVC containers)
• Patronize products that are made from renewable, rather than non-
renewable resources
• When buying products, such as shampoos and other toiletries, choose
those with little packing as possible
• In cases of cardboard packaging, choose products, which come in brown,
gray, or those that specify that they are made from recycled materials
• Recycle paper
 The 4R's of Ecology:
Strategy in Attaining Ecological Sustainability at School-Community Based Projects
School-community can suffer from the same pollution problems as homes. A
school-community administrator has many needs to attend but inspite of these, he must
be able to "green up" environment by sponsoring and supporting to Cleaning, Greening
and Beautifying Program.
When it comes to attaining Ecological sustainability, the "Four R's" – reduce,
recycle and repair as strategies have to be learned and practiced in the communities and
schools by the community officials, residents well as concerned parents in solving about
the "garbage overload To reduce means to reasonably limit or conserve the use of
materials for more important projects. To reuse is to use again" the materials that are
non-degradable, reusable and recyclable. To recycle is to reuse after the materials had
been reprocessed either to new products or similar functional products. - To repair is to
reconstruct/restructure and reinstall equipment/appliances/gadgets that are still
repairable to its functional state.
EARTH CHARTER FOR A SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT

1. Respect earth and life in all its diversity.

2. Care for the community of life with understanding, compassion and love.
3. Build democratic societies that are just, participatory , sustainable and peaceful,
4. Secure Earth’s bounty and beauty for present and future generations.
5. Protect and restore the integrity of Earth’s ecological system, with special
concern for biological diversity and the natural processes that sustain life.
6. Prevent harm as the best method of environmental protection and, when
knowledge is limited, apply a precautionary approach.
7. Adopt patterns of production , consumption and reproduction that safeguard
Earth’s regenerative capacities, human rights and community well-being.
8. Advance the study of ecological sustainability and promote the open exchange
and wide application of the knowledge acquired.
9. Eradicate poverty as an ethical, social, and environmental imperative.
10. Ensure that economic activities and institutions at all levels promote human
development in an equitable and sustainable manner.
11. Affirm gender equality and equity as prerequisites to sustainable development
and ensure universal access to education, healthcare and economic opportunity.
12. Uphold the right of all, without discrimination, to a natural and social
environment supportive of human dignity , bodily health and spiritual well being,
with special attention to the plight of indigenous peoples and minorities.
13. Strengthen democratic institutions at all levels, and provide transparency and
accountability in governance, inclusive participation in decision-making, and access
to justice.
14. Integrate into formal education and lifelong learning the knowledge, values and
skills needed for a sustainable way of life.
15. Treat all living beings with respect and consideration.
16. Promote a culture of tolerance, nonviolence and peace.
LESSON 9

DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
 Disaster Preparation and Response

A. Prepare for earthquake, fires, hurricanes and tornado:

1. Learn how to shut off your gas, water and electricity.

2. Secure shelves and heavy objects that could cause injury.
3. Keep an emergency kit stocked with supplies for at least 3 days
(replace supplies regularly).
 Two to four quarts of water per person per day
 First-aid kit
 Packaged/canned non perishable food and can opener
 Blankets/sleeping bags
 Plastic bags to store waste
 Small radio with batteries
4. Renew prescriptions for essential medications so that you always
have a 7-10 days supply on hand.
5. Have a family plan on what to do if you can't go home.
 Disaster Preparation and Response

B. During a natural disaster

1. Stay calm. Check for and treat injuries.

2. Check for gas and water leaks and fires. If you suspect a
gas leak turn off the gas.
3. Listen to the emergency broadcast system.
 Some Guidelines in case of an Earthquake

1. Turn off the stove and space heater if you feel a tremor.
2. Extinguish fire calmly as it starts
3. Take cover under something sturdy, such as a table or a
desk.
4. Do not go outside due to danger from falling debris.
5. Open the door to secure an escape route.
6. When you are at outdoors, protect yourself from falling or
rolling objects.
 Some Guidelines in case of an Earthquake

7. At the theaters and department stores, follow the

instructions of the personnel in-charge.
8. Park your car on the right shoulder of the street.
Driving will be prohibited in restricted areas.
9. Walk, do not drive, to the evacuation area. Take along
only minimum belongings.
10.Do not listen to rumors. Act only upon correct
information.
 Practicing General Common
Safety and Health Regulations
 1) Fire evacuation emergency procedures
A. In case of fire
1. Leave fire area and close the doors.
2. Activate wall mounted fire alarm pull station location at exits.
3. Attempt to extinguish fire only if you can do it safely
4. Report any information about the fire to the Police and fire department.
B. If you are on fire.
STOP where you are, DROP to the floor or ground and ROLL your body to smother the fire.
C. When fire alarm sound.
1. Calmly evacuate the building. Do not use elevator.
2. As time allows close windows and doors. Turn off cooking, electrical and laboratory
equipment. Put on blanket/coat for protection.
3. Use an alternate exit, if you encounter smoke or fire.
4. Follow instructional of emergency response services and fire wardens.
5. Report anyone suspected of remaining in the building.
6. Move away from the building at least 30 meters, leaving clear access for emergency
services.
7. Do not enter the building until authorized by the fire department.
 2) Fire drill/Escape plan
a). Plan with everyone an escape route from each room in the house.
b). Plan an alternate escape mute from each room in case one route is blocked by fire.
c). Avoid using interior stairwells and open halls for escape routes, as fire and smoke
collect in these areas.
d) Have each member of the household practice rolling out of be, and then crawling
along the escape route e) Practice everyone to feel for the door handle if it hot, if so,
then try to use another route
f) Keep a working flashlight in all rooms. Fire is pitch black, and a flashlight could
make a difference in your escape.
g). Make sure everyone practices opening all doors, windows and screens in all
escape routes
 2) Fire drill/Escape plan
h). Stress the importance of closing the all doors behind them as anyone leaves the home

i). Determine how the client especially small children, the elderly or disabled person,
will escape and how they are to be assisted. Practice these procedure dozens of times.

j) Anyone who will call the fire department should upon getting out the building

k).Establish a crucial meeting place, such as under a lamppost. The front lawn, and stay
there. Never go back inside a burning building.

l). Check to see if it's safe to escape via a window, if it is too high, place a receptacle-
folding ladder on certain windows.

m) Practice stuffing cloth around doorjambs to keep out smoke in case someone is
trapped in a room.
 3) NSTP role in children’s fire safety
a) Practice a fire drill, seriously yet in an entertaining way, every three months with
the children

b) Keep all matches out of reach of children, and teach them to tell you if they find
some

c) Instruct the children to call for help if they see even a small fire. Teach them to
call fire department for the smallest of emergencies

d) Children have to taught not to hide when they see a fire. Instead they could shout
“fire” as loud and as long as they can possibly can

e) Teach children the dangers of fire, never assume that they know already

f) Teach by example, always be careful in handling fires

 4) NSTP role in the elderly/disable person’s fire safety
a) Practice together a fire drill every three months

b) Help the older person to develop confidence to be able to open and climb out of the
window

c) Be prepared to drag them if necessary with a blanket

d) Practice as well, using wet cloth, pressed over the nose and mouth to keep from
breathing smoke, and blocking smoke with cloth from seeping it through the door, and
how to signal to other people outside the house, and how to call fire department if
needed.

e). Place the essential things on the bedside table such as whistles, eyeglasses,
flashlights, and telephones, canes and walkers. Always minimizeobstacles along the
path of escape. Encourage them to use ground floor rooms facing the street.
 3) NSTP role in children’s fire safety
f). Keep at least three of clear escape around space heaters; never use them to dry
clothes.

g). Check electric blankets every three months.

h). Never add anything over an electric blanket as this could cause them to overheat.

i). Fireplaces should have guards, and the fire should be cut before you sleep.

j). For smoking clients, provide large ashtrays for them, separate the ashes from regular
trash, and double check the area where the smoker was for anything smoldering.
First Aid and Emergencies
Safety Measures
Rescue Breathing and CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation)

Improper CPR or CPR performed on a person whose heart is still

beating can cause serious injury. Never perform CPR unless

 Breathing has stopped

 There is no heartbeat
 No one with training in CPR is present

For basic life support, think ABC: Airway, Breathing and Circulation in
this order. Establish an open airway to start breathing, and give the rescue
breathing before you can begin the chest compressions needed if the
victim’s heart has stopped.
Steps …
1. Check for consciousness

2. Open the Airway

3. Begin Rescue Breathing

4. Check for circulation. Locate the carotid artery in the neck

5. Begin chest compression

Other Important Community
First Aid Safety Measures
FIRST AID
DEFINITION
– Itis the immediate and temporary care given to
a victim of an accident for sudden illness until the
service of physician can be obtained. Proper first
aid reduces suffering and makes the physician’s
task easier when he assumes the care of the
patient. The responsibilities of the first aider stop
when the Physician’s begin.
 ANIMAL BITES

– When bitten by an animals, most people want to know if they need a

rabies shot. The main wild animal carries of rabies are bats, mice and
foxes, etc. Pet dogs and cats that have been vaccinated rarely have
rabies. However, stray animals are often not vaccinated. Rabies is
quite rare, but is not fatal if not treated. The treatment is no more
painful than a typical injection.
Bites that break the skin often cause bacterial infections. Cat and
human bites are particularly prone to infection. Tetanus can occur if
slot are not up to date
 Animal Bites
Prevention:

• Vaccinate all pets against rabies

• Do not keep wild animals as pets
• Do not disturb animals while they are eating, even your family pet
• Do not play with stray dogs and cats
• Do not touch wild animals or provide them to attack
• Do not handle sick or injured animals

Home treatments

• Scrub the bite immediately with soap and water. Treat it as a puncture wound
• If you are bitten by a pet dog or cat, find out whether it has been vaccinated for
rabies
• A healthy pet that has bitten someone should be confined and watched for 10
days to see if it develops symptoms of rabies
• If wild animals bite you, contact the health department to determine whether
the treatment is needed
 BURNS

classified as first, second or third degree

depending on their depth, not on the amount
of pain or the extent of the burn.
 Burns
Prevention:

• Install smoke detection on your phone

• Keep a fire extinguisher near the kitchen. Have it inspected yearly
• Set your water heater at 120 degree or lower to avoid burns
• Don't smoke in bed
• If your clothing catches fire do nit run, as it will fan the flames. Stop, drop and roll on
the ground to smother the flames
• Smother the flames with a blanket, rug or coat
• Use water to douse the fire and cool the skin

To avoid kitchen burns

• Use caution when handling hot foods

• Turn pot handles towards the back of the stove
• Smother burning food or grease with lid or pot
• Supervise children closely
 BUMPS

Bumps and bruises are the most common type of injury, and in most
cases they are require the least amount of first aid. Shocks come
from common household items and outlets.
There is no need to call for medical assistance when a person
suffers as cut, scrape, bump or bruise:
• The injury is small (less than 1/2 inch around)
• There is no bleeding or only slight bleeding
• The victim does not feel numbness or tingling
• The person is not suffering any paralysis
 Bumps
Cut and scrape first aid

• If the injured area has a skin , wash it with mild soap and lukewarm water
• Apply antibacterial cream or spray to prevent infection
• Cover the wound with a sterile gauge pad and tape or a simple band aid

Steps for treating bruises

Bruises are damages that occur in the soft tissue under skin producing ugly
black and blue mark due to blood clots.

• Immediately apply ice pack to the bruise to reduce swelling

• If possible, elevate the bruised area so that it is higher than the heart to prevent
blood "pooling" in the affected area
• Seek prompt medical help if there is any swelling around the bruise. This can
signal danger nerves, muscles and bones
 DROWNING

Death by drowning is one of the most

common causes of accidental death. Drowning
doesn't just happen in the sea, lakes, rivers but
it can also happen in a bath tub or even in a
swimming pool. Drowning may be due to heart
attack or stoke that uses unconscious, head
injury caused by diving into shallow water,
cramps that cause panic can lead to drowning.
 Drowning
Water Rescue

Rescue in a large body of water is not quite easy. It is possible when the rescuer
knows what he is doing

• If a life guard is nearby, let them do the rescuing. Otherwise, shout for help as loud as
you can
• Try to reach the injured person without leaving the shore. Use your arm, preserver,
rope or rescue pole or anything that can float
• Hold onto something on solid ground with your other hand to prevent yourself swept
away by strong currents.
• Locate a boat and find someone to assist you you to reach the victim from the shore.
• Even if you are good swimmer, always have a floatation device with you. You can give
this to the victim to hold onas you swim back to the shore.
Reviving someone who has drowned or
Drowning
swallowed water

Rescue is only half the job. Reviving drowned person or who had swallowed water is the other half
an important when it come to saving once life. This involves performing mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
Implement universal safety guidelines in implementing this important first aid emergency measure.

• Turn the drowning person's head to the side, allowing ant water to drain
• from his mouth to nose.
• Turn the head back to the center
• Begin mouth-to-mouth resuscitation on land or in the water if the injured
• person needs immediate life and death measures.
• Strongly breathe four times into the mouth of the injured person as you.
• pinch the nose. This helps air get pass any water that is clogging the
• breathing passage ways and the lungs.
• After four strong breaths, put your ear near the mouth and watch the chest for any breathing
movement
• Check the pulse for signs of life
• Repeat the cycle
• Take the drowning victim to the hospital for further medical help
 DEALING WITH
ELECTRIC SHOCK
Electricity causes burns via the flow of
electric voltage through the skin. But
electric shock can cause more than bums. It
can cause tissue damage, and extremely high
voltages may even stop the heart.
 Dealing with electric shock
Steps in handling emergencies
involving electric shock

1. Turn off the electrical power if you can. Don't waste time to switch-off or
remove plugs or immediately move the master fuse to turn off all the power.
Things you can do to help without injuring yourself.
2. Stand on a thick pile of newspaper or a rubber mat only if the ground is wet.
Wetness moved makes you a conductor regardless of what you're standing
on.
3. Try to push the injured off the live wire by using a wooden broom, mop or
pole. Your hands must be dry.
 Dealing with electric shock
Treating for electrical shock
before help arrives

1. Because shock is more of a risk with electricity than other type of bum, check the
injured person's ABC. Airways, Breathing and Circulation and take the appropriate
measures. If the person is not breathing, immediately begin mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation.
2. Apply small amount of antibacterial or anti-burn ointment on the burned skin.
3. Keep injured person on his back with feet and legs elevated
4. If injured person is unconscious gently turn him to the side, supporting the head with a
pillow. This will aid breathing and keep shock damage from increasing.
5. Gently cover the injured person with a blanket.
 FAINTING

Fainting during the Victoria.Times was

considered feminine as a sign of aristocratic
good breeding. Today fainting is a signal that
something is wrong inside the body. It can be a
sign of danger to the heart or brain, a panic
attack, hyper ventilation, malnutrition, or even
pregnancy or menopause.
Warning signs to faint

 Sudden paleness of the face

 Cold, clammy skin
 Dizziness and nausea
 Numbness or tingling in the fingers and toes
 Sudden rapid or weak pulse
 Feeling of panic
 Blurred vision
 Fainting
Treatment

Step by step guide for maintaining medical safety when a person fainted

1. Lay the person down on the floor on his back.

2. Practice your ABC of first aid. Make sure that the air ways are clear, that the person is
breathing and that blood is circulating. (Listen to heartbeat)
3. Loosen clothing if necessary to make sure the victim is comfortable and able to
breathe clearing.
4. Open windows when inside a building to allow air to circulate.
5. Turn head to the side and wipe out the mouth with a cloth, if victim vomits
6. Keep chin up to prevent the victim tongue from obstructing the throat.
7. Wipe the victim's face with a damp cool cloth.
8. If victim remains unconscious, or conscious but groggy, disoriented nauseated, it is
best to call for medical help.
 Fainting
The least you need to know

• Fainting in and of itself not usually an emergency condition. But it is a signal

of underlying problem, and it can create its own set of problems.
• Be aware of fainting signs: clammy skin, dizziness, a pale face and nausea
• Follow the Five Minutes' rule: If a person remains unconscious for more
than five minutes get helps
• Do not use swelling salts to revive someone
• Place fainted person in prone position loosen his clothes and open nearby
windows.
• Make sure airways are clear, breathing is regular, and circulation is normal.
THANK YOU