TDP-201 - Psychrometrics 1 - v1.0

Technical Development Program
PSYCHROMETRICS
Psychrometrics
Level 1
Introduction
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Copyright © Carrier Corp. 2005

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Section 1 Introduction
Section 2 Properties of Air and Water Vapor
Section 3 Building the Psychrometric Chart
Section 4 State Points
Section 5 Air Conditioning Processes
Sensible Heating and Cooling
Humidification and Dehumidification
Air Mixing
Evaporative Cooling
Cooling
Heating and Humidification
Heating and Dehumidification
Section 6 Process Charts
Section 7 Summary

SECTION 1
PSYCHROMETRICS LEVEL 1
INTRODUCTION
Introduction

Objectives
• Understand the properties of air and water
vapor mixtures
• Build the psychrometric chart
• Use the psychrometric chart to determine
the properties of an air/water vapor mixture
• Use the psychrometric chart to understand
the basic air conditioning processes
• Understand how the processes can be
combined into a system using a system
plot diagram and psychrometric chart
Section 1 – Introduction
Why Study Psychrometrics?
1. Determine the temperature
at which condensation will
occur in walls or on a duct
2. Find all the properties of air
by knowing two conditions
3. Calculate the required airflow to
the space and for the equipment
4. Determine the sensible and total
cooling load the unit should
provide
5. Determine the coil depth and
temperature to meet the design
load conditions
Brooklyn Printing Plant
Section 1 – Introduction
SECTION 2
INTRODUCTION
Properties of Air and Water Vapor

Composition of Dry Air
1%
21%
78%
Nitrogen Oxygen Other Gases
Section 2 – Properties of Air and Water Vapor

Water Vapor in Air
Dry Air Water Vapor
Air + Vapor
Mechanical Mixture
Pound of Dry Air
80° F 1 Pound 7000 Grains
1 lb Dry Air 1 lb Moist Air

Contains:
0.97766 lb air
0.02234 lb water (or 16 grains)

Sources of Humidity
Outdoor Indoor

Two Laws of Air / Water Vapor Mixtures
Ideal Gas Law
In normal air conditioning range, both air and water vapor
follow the ideal gas law:
p  v  w R  T
p = pressure (psia) R = universal gas constant (ft/lb)/(lb  °R)
v = volume (ft3/lb) T = temperature, °R = (t + 460° F)
w = weight (lb) t = temperature, °F
Dalton’s Law
Air and water vapor together occupy the same volume as
they would by themselves. Pressure is the sum of each.
Air Water Vapor
p1 p2 p1+p2
1 ft3 + 1 ft3 = 1 ft3
Temperature and Pressure
100
70
32
Air Temperature Air (Barometric) Pressure

Atmospheric Pressure
Air has Weight – Altitude Affects the Weight
ATMOSPHERE
ATMOSPHERE
ATMOSPHERE

Absolute Pressure
Absolute Pressure Scales Compared
psia in. Hg Abs
14.696 psia 29.921 (sea level)

12.3 psia 24.9 in.
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
(5000 ft above sea level)
0 psia 0 in.
(no atmosphere)
MERCURY

Which Weighs More?
Dry Air Wet Air

Dry Air is Denser
DRY AIR
DENSITY
MOIST AIR
Standard Air
• 59° F USED AS A
REFERENCE POINT
• 14.697 psia
• Sea Level
59° F

SECTION 3
INTRODUCTION
Building the Psychrometric Chart

Dry Bulb Temperature Scale
wb dp °F
db °F
Section 3 – Building the Psychrometric Chart

Specific Humidity Scale
wb dp °F
db °F

Locating Points
60 gr
wb dp °F
db °F
75°
Saturation Line
Saturation
Line
wb dp °F
db °F

Dewpoint
60 gr
50 gr
40 gr
wb dp °F
db °F
42° 53° 75°

48°
Dew Point Example
95° F db
100 gr
100 gr
wb dp °F
db °F
55° 67° 95°

Relative Humidity Lines
Relative 60
Humidity   45%
132
Approx. 132 gr
45%
60 gr
wb dp °F
db °F
75°
Relative Humidity Example
Window
Temperature
35 F
30%
35° F
wb dp °F
23%
20%
db °F
75°
Room Temperature
Wet Bulb Temperature
75° F db
60 gr 61.5° F db, wb
45% rh
82 gr
100% rh

Sling Psychrometer
CLICK
PICTURE
FOR DEMO
• Avoid adverse conditions that can affect reading

• Moisten wick before procedure
• Rotate device at least 2 minutes
• Read device immediately after rotation
Wet Bulb Process
82 gr
60 gr
wb dp °F
db °F
61.5° 75°

Specific Volume
14.0 ft3
13.2 ft3 13.7 ft3

13.5 ft3
13.0 ft3
60 gr
wb dp °F
db °F
55° 75° 95°

Enthalpy Scale
hs = Enthalpy at saturation
hs = 27.5 Btu/lb
wb dp °F
db °F

SECTION 4
INTRODUCTION
State Points

Psychrometric Chart
Enthalpy Specific
Volume
Relative
Wet Bulb Temperature Humidity
Dew Point Specific
Temperature Humidity
wb dp °F
db °F
Dry Bulb
Temperature
Section 4 – State Points

Psychrometric Charts
Sea Level
Normal Temperatures
wb dp °F
db °F

State Point Examples
Room Air and 39.4 Btu/lb
76° F wb 14.3 ft3
Outdoor Air 42%
28.1 Btu/lb
62.5° F wb
68.5° F dp 105 gr
55° F dp 65 gr
wb dp °F
13.7 ft3
db °F
75 ° 95 °

State Point Examples
Mixed Air and 92%
Coil Leaving Air
29.7 Btu/lb
64.7° F wb 13.8 ft3
23.8 Btu/lb
56° F wb 13.2 ft3 Mixed Air
57° F dp 71 gr
54.5° F dp 63 gr
wb dp °F
db °F
58 ° 78 °

Work Session 1
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1 : INTRODUCTION
Work Session 1
1. Using your psychrometric chart, find the proper values needed to fill in the blank spaces.
db wb %rh dp W
A 75 65
B 75 40
C 75 80
D 65 55
E 65 30
F 30 55
W = specific humidity, lb/lb of dry air
2. An air duct having a surface temperature of 60° F passes through a space at 90° F db and 75
wb.
.
Work Session 1
SECTION 5
INTRODUCTION
Air Conditioning Processes

Air Conditioning Processes
1. Sensible Heating
2. Sensible Cooling
3. Humidification
4. Dehumidification
5. Cooling and Humidification
(Evaporative Cooling)
6. Cooling and
Dehumidification
7. Heating and
Humidification
8. Heating and
Dehumidification
wb dp °F
db °F
Section 5 – Air Conditioning Processes

Sensible Heat
qs  1.10  cfm  t
db - Changes
wb - Changes
68% rh
dp - Constant 24% rh
gr - Constant
COOLING
HEATING 52 gr
wb dp °F
90 – 60 = 30
db °F
t
60° 90°
Sensible Heat Change
Latent Heat
q l  0.69  cfm   grains
wb - Changes
dp - Changes
68% rh
gr - Changes 24% rh
89 gr
Condensation
db - Constant
Evaporation
Latent
 grains Heat
89 – 30 = 60 Change
wb dp °F
30 gr
db °F
75°

Total Heat
qt  qs  ql
Cooling
89 gr
Condensation
Evaporation
Latent
Grains
Heat
Change
t 30 gr
wb dp °F
Heating
db °F
75° 95°
Sensible Heat Change
Using Enthalpy to Determine Total Heat Removed
Latent Heat
1.7
Sensible Heat
5.0
wb dp °F
db °F
55° 75°

Total Capacity or Load Formula
GTH = 4.5  cfm  h

Where:
GTH = Grand Total Heat
4.5 = Constant
cfm = cubic feet per minute
h = Difference in enthalpy from
air entering to air leaving
conditions

Sensible Heat Factor
SENSIBLE HEAT
SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR 
SENSIBLE HEAT  LATENT HEAT
LATENT HEAT
SENSIBLE HEAT
wb dp °F
db °F

Latent Heat and Sensible Heat
Latent Heat
1.7
5.0
SHF   0.75
6.7
Sensible Heat
5.0
wb dp °F
db °F
55° 75°

Sensible Heat Factor Scale
Apparatus
Dew Point
80° F db 0.80
Pivot Point 50% rh
0.90
1.00
51° F
60 gr
ADP
48° F
wb dp °F
db °F
75°

Sensible Heating
Airflow 1000 cfm
100 db
qs  1.10  1,000 cfm  (100  70)  33,000 Btuh
70 db
65 wb
54 wb
40 dp 40 dp
hB
hA
Heating Coil
wb dp °F t
db °F
70° 100°
Section 5 – Air Conditioning Processes:

Sensible Heat and Cooling
Sensible Cooling
Airflow 1000 cfm
100 db
70 db
qs  1.10  1,000 cfm  (70  100)   33,000 Btuh
65 wb
54 wb
40 dp 40 dp
hA
hB
Cooling Coil
wb dp °F t
db °F
70° 100°

Sensible Heat and Cooling
Dehumidification
Airflow 1000 cfm
80 db 80 db
q l  0.69  1,000 cfm  (54  94)   27,600 Btuh
70 wb hB
62 wb
65 dp
50 dp
94 gr
hA
 grains
Dehumidifier 54 gr
wb dp °F
db °F

Humidification
Airflow 1000 cfm
80 db 80 db q l  0.69  1,000 cfm  (94  54)  27,600 Btuh
70 wb hA
62 wb
65 dp
50 dp 94 gr
hB
Water
 grains
Humidifier 54 gr
wb dp °F
db °F

Air Mixing
Mixed Air conditions
are found by ratio 1000 cfm
%  25%
of airflows 3000 cfm  1000 cfm
Example: OA
1000 cfm of OA
3000 cfm of RA
RA
wb dp °F
db °F
85°
Air Mixing
Calculating Space Airflow
Load Estimate
qs = 36,000 36,000
ql = 8,000 cfm   1,925 cfm
1.10  (75  58)
qt = 44,000
Airflow is calculated
based on sensible load
and supply air qt Room
temperature Air
qs
ql
RA
wb dp °F
db °F
58° 75°
Air Mixing
“Swamp Cooler”
Outdoor Air Adiabatic Process

Spray Section
70 F db
84 gr
100 F db
65 F wb
40 F dp Supply Air
36 gr
Filters

Evaporative Cooling
Evaporative Cooling
• Adds latent cooling load to space
• Removes sensible cooling load
from space
• Best for arid climates
• Good for cooling with high humidity
(e.g., textiles)
• Causes odors from mold and mildew
• Potential damage to building
Evaporative Cooling
Evaporative Cooling
Airflow 1000 cfm
100 db
70 db
qs  1.10  1,000 cfm  (70  100)   33,000 Btuh
65 wb 65 wb
62 dp
40 dp hA
hB
Water 84 gr
 grains
Evaporative
Cooling
37 gr
wb dp °F
t
db °F
70° 100°
Evaporative Cooling
Cooling and Dehumidification
Airflow 1000 cfm
80 db qs  1.10  1,000 cfm  (55  80)   27,500 Btuh
55 db
q l  0.69  1,000 cfm  (49  78)   19,720 Btuh

67 wb
51 wb qt  (27,500)  (19,720)   47,220 Btuh
60 dp hA
47 dp
78 gr
Cooling
hB  grains
Coil 49 gr
t
wb dp °F
db °F
55° 80°
Cooling
Cooling Coils
Face Area = Length  Height
Length
Height
Velocity
cfm / face area
Fins
Rows Refrigerant
Temperature

Cooling
Coil Performance
50° F Refrigerant Temp
Numbers represent tr = 50° F
the number of rows
3 2
4
5 2
4 3 2
6 3 tr = 45° F
5 4
6
5 tr = 40° F
6
40 50 60 70 80 90
Cooling
Bypass Factor
Bypass Factor 
56  50  6  0.20
80  50 30
67°
wb dp °F
db °F
50° 56° 80°

Cooling
Bypass Factors and Rows of Tubes
BYPASS
ROWS
FACTOR
2 0.31
3 0.18
4 0.10
5 0.06
6 0.03

Cooling
Bypass Factors and Velocity
AIR BYPASS
VELOCITY FACTOR
300 fpm 0.11
400 fpm 0.14
500 fpm 0.18
600 fpm 0.20

Cooling
Bypass Factor and Fins
FINS PER BYPASS
INCH FACTOR
8 0.31
12 0.18
14 0.03
LOWER BYPASS FACTORS RESULT FROM:
• Larger number of rows
• Lower air velocity
• More fins
Cooling
Typical Coils
• Packaged Units to 20 Tons
– Rows 2 to 4
– BF 0.18 to 0.07
• Packaged Units over 20 Tons
– Rows 3 to 6
– BF 0.32 to 0.03
• Packaged Air Handlers
– Rows 3 or 4
– BF 0.12 to 0.03
• Air Handlers
– Rows 3 to 10
– BF 0.12 to 0.002

Cooling
Bypass Factor Example
55° F  1000 cfm

50° F  800 cfm
50° F
55° F
ADP
wb dp °F
db °F
50 F
55 F 75 F
Cooling
Evaporative Cooling
Leaving Air
Entering Air
wb dp °F
db °F

Cooling
Cooling Tower – No Load
Evaporative Cooling Process 70° F db
65° F wb
62° F dp
85° F
100° F db • Chiller Off

65° F wb • Condenser Pump On
40° F dp
85° F
COOLING TOWER

Cooling
Cooling Tower – Peak Load
Evaporative Cooling Process 89° F db
(includes Condenser Water Heat Gain) 85° F wb
84° F dp
95° F
100° F db • Chiller On
65° F wb • Condenser Pump On
40° F dp
BACK TO
CHILLER
85 ° F
COOLING TOWER

Cooling
Cooling Tower-Chiller/On-Peak Cooling Load
Water enters tower at 95° F 178 gr
(not shown) Air Leaving
Water leaves tower Cooling Tower
89/85 F
36 gr
wb dp °F Air Entering
Cooling Tower
db °F
100/65 F

Cooling
Airflow 1000 cfm
qs  1.10  1,000 cfm  (100  70)  33,000 Btuh
100 db
70 db
q l  0.69  1,000 cfm  (51.5  36.7)  10,281 Btuh
68 wb
54 wb
55 dp qt  33,000  10,281  43,281 Btuh
hB
40 dp
hA
Heating Coil
51.5 gr
 grains
36.7 gr
wb dp °F
t
db °F

Airflow 1000 cfm
100 db
qs  1.10  1,000 cfm  (100  85)  16,500 Btuh
85 db
q l  0.69  1,000 cfm  (80.5  97)   11,385 Btuh
72 wb
qt  16,500  (11,385)  5,115 Btuh
51 wb
66.2 dp
61 dp
97.0 gr
 grains
80.5 gr
Absorbent
t
Dehumidifier
wb dp °F
db °F

Process Lines
Humidification
Evaporative
Cooling Heat and
Humidify
Sensible Cooling Heating
wb dp °F
Heating and
db °F Cooling and Dehumidification Dehumidification
Dehumidification

SECTION 6
INTRODUCTION
Process Charts

Plotting the System
EA DEA
RA System plots can be
used to understand and
analyze performance
OA
SA
RA Return Air
DEA Direct Exhaust Air OA
OA Outside Air
EA Exhaust Air
SA Supply Air
Section 6 – Process Charts

System Design Steps
All-Air System
1. Load Estimate
2. Psychrometric Estimate of Coil
Entering and Leaving Conditions
3. Coil Selection and Air Handler Sizing
4. Refrigeration Plant Sizing
5. Room Air Distribution Design
6. Air Duct Design
7. Fan Selection
8. Control System Selection
Five Processes in the Air Cycle
1. The Room Process

2. The Return Process
3. The OA / RA Mixing Process
4. The Coil Process
5. The Supply Process

Plotting the Air System
EA DEA
RA
OA
SA
1. Air absorbs room load

2. Remainder returns to AHU
3. OA/RA mix in AHU
4. AHU produces cool air
5. Cool air passes through supply duct and air terminal
or diffuser and mixes with room air
DEA Some air exhausted directly (locally), some air exfiltrates
EA Some RA exhausted at/near AHU
OA Outdoor air brought in for ventilation

System Plot
EA DEA
RA
OA
OA
SA
Dry Bulb Dry Bulb Wet Bulb Rel. Humidity Humidity Ratio Enthalpy Dew Point
Airflow
(°F) (°F) (°F) (%) (gr/lb) (Btu/lb) (°F)
Outdoor Air 600 90.4 72.8 43.3 93.35 36.38 65.1
Room Air 2658 75.0 62.5 50.0 64.92 28.15 55.1
Return Air 2058 78.3 63.7 44.8 64.92 28.95 55.1
Mixed Air 2658 81.0 65.9 45.0 71.34 30.63 57.7
Coil 2658 57.3 56.1 93.0 65.37 23.90 55.3
Supply 2658 58.0 56.4 90.7 65.37 24.07 55.3
Room 2658 75.0 62.5 50.0 64.92 28.15 55.1

SECTION 7
INTRODUCTION
Summary

Summary
• Explained the properties of air and water vapor
mixtures
• Built the psychrometric chart lines
• Used the psychrometric chart to determine the
properties of an air/vapor mixture
• Used the psychrometric chart to understand
the air conditioning processes
• Explained how the processes can be combined
into a system using a system plot diagram
and psychrometric chart
Section 7 – Summary
Work Session 2
PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1 : INTRODUCTION
Work Session 2
1. Air at 30° F db and 80 percent rh is sensibly heated to 75° F db by passing it over a heating
coil. Show the process on a psychrometric chart and fill in the blank spaces below:
db wb %rh dp
Air at 30 80
Heated to 75
2. Air at 95° F db and 75° F wb is sensibly cooled to 80° F db by passing it over a cooling coil.
Show the process on a psychrometric chart and fill in the blank spaces in the table below:
db wb %rh dp
Air at 95 75
Work Session 2
Technical Development Program
Thank You
This completes the presentation.
TDP-201 Psychrometrics Level 1 Introduction

Artwork from Symbol Library used by permission of
Software Toolbox
www.softwaretoolbox.com/symbols

TDP-201 - Psychrometrics 1 - v1.0

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Technical Development Program

Copyright © Carrier Corp. 2005

Copyright © Carrier Corp. 2005

Copyright © Carrier Corp. 2005

Properties of Air and Water Vapor

Copyright © Carrier Corp. 2005

Nitrogen Oxygen Other Gases

Section 2 – Properties of Air and Water Vapor

Dry Air Water Vapor

80° F 1 Pound 7000 Grains

1 lb Dry Air 1 lb Moist Air

Section 2 – Properties of Air and Water Vapor

Section 2 – Properties of Air and Water Vapor

Air Temperature Air (Barometric) Pressure

Section 2 – Properties of Air and Water Vapor

Section 2 – Properties of Air and Water Vapor

14.696 psia 29.921 (sea level)

Section 2 – Properties of Air and Water Vapor

Dry Air Wet Air

Section 2 – Properties of Air and Water Vapor

Section 2 – Properties of Air and Water Vapor

Building the Psychrometric Chart

Copyright © Carrier Corp. 2005

Section 3 – Building the Psychrometric Chart

Section 3 – Building the Psychrometric Chart

Section 3 – Building the Psychrometric Chart

42° 53° 75°

55° 67° 95°

Section 3 – Building the Psychrometric Chart

Section 3 – Building the Psychrometric Chart

• Avoid adverse conditions that can affect reading

Section 3 – Building the Psychrometric Chart

13.2 ft3 13.7 ft3

55° 75° 95°

Section 3 – Building the Psychrometric Chart

Section 3 – Building the Psychrometric Chart

Copyright © Carrier Corp. 2005

Section 4 – State Points

Section 4 – State Points

Section 4 – State Points

Section 4 – State Points

PSYCHROMETRICS, LEVEL 1 : INTRODUCTION

Air Conditioning Processes

Copyright © Carrier Corp. 2005

Section 5 – Air Conditioning Processes

Section 5 – Air Conditioning Processes

Section 5 – Air Conditioning Processes

GTH = 4.5  cfm  h

Section 5 – Air Conditioning Processes

Section 5 – Air Conditioning Processes

Section 5 – Air Conditioning Processes

Section 5 – Air Conditioning Processes

Section 5 – Air Conditioning Processes:

Section 5 – Air Conditioning Processes:

Section 5 – Air Conditioning Processes:

80 db 80 db q l  0.69  1,000 cfm  (94  54)  27,600 Btuh

Section 5 – Air Conditioning Processes:

Outdoor Air Adiabatic Process

Section 5 – Air Conditioning Processes:

q l  0.69  1,000 cfm  (49  78)   19,720 Btuh

Section 5 – Air Conditioning Processes:

50° 56° 80°

Section 5 – Air Conditioning Processes: