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Rocks can be classified based on their texture and composition. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma or lava either below or above the Earth's surface. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form when other rocks are altered by heat, pressure, and chemical activity of fluids through processes like regional metamorphism or contact metamorphism.
Rocks can be classified based on their texture and composition. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma or lava either below or above the Earth's surface. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form when other rocks are altered by heat, pressure, and chemical activity of fluids through processes like regional metamorphism or contact metamorphism.
Rocks can be classified based on their texture and composition. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma or lava either below or above the Earth's surface. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form when other rocks are altered by heat, pressure, and chemical activity of fluids through processes like regional metamorphism or contact metamorphism.
based on their differences in texture and composition. Texture – size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains and other constituents in a rock. Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Igneous rocks are either crystalline (formed from cooled magma or lava) or pyroclastic (made of consolidated eruption products like volcanic ash) Pyroclastic is derived from the Greek pyro which means “fire” and klastos which means “shattered”. Are formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Derived from Latin word igneus – which means “fiery” or “on fire”. 1. Below the surface, from slowly cooling magma Formation of crystals that are visible to the naked eye They are called intrusive or plutonic (they cool underneath the surface as plutons) Ex. Granite, diorite, and syenite The resulting texture is called phaneritic, from the Greek phaneros meaning “visible”. In case minerals crystallize very slowly at depth, a pegmatitic texture is one composed of very large crystals (larger than 2 to 3 cm). 2. On the surface, from rapidly cooling lava Formation of very small crystals that may not be visible. They are called extrusive or volcanic (extruded during volcanic eruptions Ex. Basalt, andesite and rhyolite Exhibit aphanitic textures. Derived from the Greek aphaneros which means “invisible”. Exhibit vesicular texture – result of gases escaping while the volcanic rock is being formed. 3. On the surface, from the consolidation of particle erupted by explosive volcanic activity Solidify as small ash or as large as basketballs Exhibit porphyritic texture –in relatively fine-grained base When this particles come together on the surface via lithification, they form pyroclastic igneous rocks . Ex. Ignimbrite (adobe), tuff, and volcanic breccia Pyroclastic rocks is a hybrid of igneous and sedimentary processes. Products of lithification of particles produced by weathering of other preexisting rocks. Have parent materials derived from older igneous, metamorphic and even sedimentary rocks. May also be comprised of mineral fragments and organic material or minerals that precipitate from solutions. This components are called sediments from Latin sedentarius meaning “sitting”. 1. Clastic – from cementation of sediments that have been deposited, buried, and compacted over a long period of time Ex. Shale, sandstone and conglomerate 2. Crystalline– from the precipitation of minerals from ions in solution (rocks that are exposed to water and oxygen and experience chemical change such as oxidation and hydrolysis through time) 3. Bioclastic – when it forms as the result of the accumulation of organic material or biologic activity. It may contain remnants of plants, corals, shell or fossil fragments. Ex. Coquina and organic limestone 1. Clay or Silt is less that 1/16 mm. Not visible to the naked eye. 2. Sand grains are between 1/16 to 2mm. 3. Gravel have sizes that are greater than 2 mm. Form when preexisting or parent rocks are altered by heat, pressure and chemical activity of fluids. The process is called metamorphism, meaning “change in form”. 1. Regional Metamorphism – The dominant factor is pressure due to tectonic activity. This result to a layered or banded appearance in the rocks called foliation, and these type of rocks are called foliated metamorphic rocks. From the Latin folium which means “leaf”. Ex. slate and schist 2. Contact Metamorphism – when the dominant factor is heat, usually from direct contact between an older rock material and intruding body of magma. It results in rocks like marble and quartzite that are called nonfoliated metamorphic rocks. 1. Dynamic metamorphism- when the dominant factor is faulting 2. Shock metamorphism – when the dominant factor is the meteorite impact