D. Halbi RN.

MAN

DISASTER
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

1. Definition of disaster
2. Types of Disasters
3. Level of Disasters
4. Key Elements of Disaster
5. The Disaster Paradigm
6. Phases of disasters
7. Impact of disaster on health and the
health services
8. Community participation in disaster
management.
9. .
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

DEFINITION:
 Disaster: is a result of vast ecological
breakdown in the relation between
humans and their environment, as
serious or sudden event on such
scale that the stricken community
needs extraordinary efforts to cope
with outside help or international aid.
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

DEFINITION:
 WHO defines Disaster as “any
occurrence that causes damage,
ecological disruption, loss of human
life, deterioration of health and
health services, on a scale sufficient
to warrant an extraordinary response
from outside the affected community
or area.”(1995)
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

• Red Cross (1975) defines Disaster as “An

occurrence such as hurricane,
tornado, storm, flood, high water, wind-
driven water, tidal wave, earthquake,
drought, blizzard, pestilence, famine, fire,
explosion, building collapse, transportation
wreck, or other situation that causes human
suffering or creates human that the victims
cannot alleviate without assistance.”
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

 Disaster can be defined as “Any catastrophic

situation in which the normal patterns of life
(or ecosystems) have been disrupted and
extraordinary, emergency interventions are
required to save and preserve human lives
and/or the environment.”
 Disaster may also be termed as “a serious
disruption of the functioning of society,
causing widespread human, material or
environmental losses which exceed the
ability of the affected society to cope using
its own resources.”
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

Thus, a disaster may have the following main

features:
· Unpredictability
· Unfamiliarity
· Speed
· Urgency
· Uncertainty
· Threat
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

TYPES OF DISASTER
Disasters are classified in
various ways, on the basis of its
origin/cause.
1. Natural disasters
2. Man-made disasters
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

TYPES OF DISASTER
Disasters are classified in
various ways,
On the basis of speed of onset-

1. Sudden onset disasters

2. Slow onset disasters
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

NATURAL
DISASTER
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

NATURAL DISASTERS
 A serious disruption triggered by a natural
hazard (hydro-metrological, geological or
biological in origin) causing human, material,
economic or environmental losses, which
exceed the ability of those affected to cope.
Natural hazards can be classified according
to their
 (1) hydro meteorological,
 (2) geological or
 (3) biological origins.
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

Volcano Forest Fire

Why is this important?
Natural disasters are important, because they don’t only
effect buildings and land, they affect human beings. They can
severely injure or kill. They tare families apart
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

 Hydrometer logical disaster -

Natural processes or
phenomena of atmospheric
hydrological or oceanographic
nature. Phenomena / Examples
-
 Hydrometer logical Disaster
D. Halbi RN. MAN

Example Cyclones, typhoons, hurricanes,

tornados, Storms, hailstorms, snowstorms,
cold spells, heat waves and droughts.
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

 Geographical disaster -
Natural earth processes or
phenomena that include processes
of endogenous origin or tectonic or
exogenous origin such as mass
movements, Permafrost, snow
avalanches. Phenomena
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

Geographical Disaster

ExampleEarthquake, tsunami, volcanic activity,

Mass movements landslides, Surface collapse,
geographical fault activities etc.
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Floods
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 Biological Disaster –

Processes of organic organs or those

conveyed by biological vectors, including
exposure to pathogenic, microorganism,
toxins and bioactive substances.
Phenomena
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

BIOLOGICAL DISASTER
Examples – Outbreaks of epidemics Diseases,
plant or animal contagion and extensive
infestation etc.
WHO IS EFFECTED?

 Natural disasters can effect everyone,

everywhere. Even if it didn’t happen in
your state or area, the cost effects the
nation as a whole.
 How to Prevent
• Natural disaster are something that can not be stopped, or
prevented, but we can do some thing's before and after
disasters to help reduce the amount of trauma caused by
these disasters.
Ways to Help:
• Donate to organizations that deal with natural disaster relief
• Volunteer with these organizations
• Help rebuild cities
• Many organizations that
are based around helping,
supporting, and rescuing
victims, are places that
you can donate to and
where they raise money.
The Aftermath
Natural disasters don't just create damage
when it hits. The effects after can be worse.
Many of them can cause lose ground,
creating landslides. Some can start fires in
your homes, also it can cause the loss of
everything you know.
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

 HUMAN-INDUCED DISASTERS
 A serious disruption triggered by a
human-induced hazard causing human,
material, economic or environmental
losses, which exceed the ability of those
affected to cope.
 These can be classified into –
(1) Technological Disaster and
(2) Environmental Degradation.
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

HUMAN-INDUCED DISASTER
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

 Technological disaster - Danger

associated with technological or
industrial accidents, infrastructure
failures or certain human activities
which may cause the loss of life or
injury, property damage, social or
economic disruption or environmental
degradation, sometimes referred to as
anthropological hazards.
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

TECHNOLOGICAL DISASTER
Examples include
• industrial pollution,
• nuclear release and
radioactivity, War
• toxic waste,
• dam failure,
• transport industrial or
• technological accidents
(explosions fires spills).
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

 Environmental Degradation - Processes

induced by human behaviors and activities
that damage the natural resources base on
adversely alter nature processes or
ecosystems. Potentials effects are varied
and may contribute to the increase in
vulnerability, frequency and the intensity of
natural hazards.
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

Examples include
 land degradation,
 deforestation,
 desertification,
 wild land fire,
 loss of biodiversity,
 land, water and air pollution climate
change,
 sea level rise and ozone depletion.
D. Halbi RN. MAN
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

LEVELS OF DISASTER

Goolsby and Kulkarni (2006)

further classify disasters according
to the magnitude of the disaster in
relation to the ability of the agency
or community to respond
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

 LEVELS OF DISASTER
 . Disasters are classified by the following levels:
 1) Level I: If the organization, agency, or
community is able to contain the event and
respond effectively utilizing its own resources.
 : Local emergency response personnel and
organizations can contain and effectively
manage the disaster and its aftermath.
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

 2) Level II: If the disaster requires

assistance from external sources, but these
can be obtained from nearby agencies.
 : Regional efforts and aid from surrounding
communities are sufficient to manage the
effects of the disaster
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

 3) Level III: If the disaster is of a

magnitude that exceeds the capacity of the
local community or region and requires
assistance from state-level or even federal
assets.
 Local and regional assets are overwhelmed;
statewide or federal assistance is required.

 D. Halbi RN. MAN

KEY ELEMENTS OF DISASTER

D. Halbi RN. MAN
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

 KEY ELEMENTS OF DISASTERS

 Disasters result from

1. the combination of hazards,

2. conditions of vulnerability and

3. insufficient capacity or measures to reduce

the potential negative consequences
of risk.
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

 KEY ELEMENTS OF DISASTERS

Hazards
 Hazards are defined as “Phenomena that
pose a threat to people, structures, or
economic assets and which may cause a
disaster. They could be either manmade or
naturally occurring in our environment.”
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

Capacity
 Capacity is the combination of all the strengths
and resources available within a community,
society or organization that can reduce the level
of risk, or the effects of a disaster.
 Capacity may include physical, institutional,
social or economic means as well as skilled
personal or collective attributes such as
‘leadership’ and ‘management.’
 Capacity may also be described as capability.
(UN ISDR 2002)
 Risk
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

Risk
=is the probability of harmful consequences,
or expected losses
(deaths, injuries, property, livelihoods,
economic activity disrupted or environment
damaged)
resulting from interactions between natural or
human-induced hazards and vulnerable
conditions.
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

 The DISASTER PARADIGM

 D – Detect

 I - Incident Command

 S- Security and Safety

 A – Assess

 S – Support

 T – Triage and Treatment

 E – Evacuation

 F - Recovery
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

 The DISASTER PARADIGM

 D- DETECTION

 A situation where need exceeds the

response capabilities
 Detection is straight forward but in the event
of biological attack for instance it maybe
more difficult
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

 The DISASTER PARADIGMand a well define

responsibilities
 I – INCIDENT COMMAND

 This involve controlling the flow of resources

available for response
 An effective response requires multiple arms
of operations with well define responsibilities
such as extrication and rescue,triage,
transfortations and communications
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

 The DISASTER PARADIGM

 S- SCENE, SECURITY, SAFETY

 « When you arrive at a Code , the First pulse

you take should be your own »
 Your own safety and that of your team must
be your 1st concern
 If something happens to you, the number of
victims goes up and an effective response is
delayed even longer
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

 The DISASTER PARADIGM

 A- ASSESS HAZARDS

 Reassess the disaster scene continously

 Awareness of the of the dangers that could

potentiallty cause harm such as downed
electical lines and fires.
 Have the knowledge of the classic signs and
symptoms caused by biologic and chemical
agaents.
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

 The DISASTER PARADIGM

 S- SUPPORT

 May include Human Resources, Supplies

and Vehicles
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

 The DISASTER PARADIGM

 T- TRIAGE AND TREATMENT

 E- EVACUATION
 The short-tern objective of disaster
response is evacuation from the ccene of
the injured then the un injured who are
without transfortations and finally the rescue
personnel..
 D. Halbi RN. MAN

 The DISASTER PARADIGM

 R- RECOVERY

 The long term Objective of of disaster

responsers
 Along term implications in the event on the
injured on rescue personnels and the
environment
 Include crisis management counseling and
shelter access