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• A set of rules governing the format of data sent over the Internet or other network.
• Principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network
boundaries.
• Responsible for addressing host interfaces, encapsulating data into datagrams (including fragmentation and
reassembly) and routing datagrams from a source host interface to a destination host interface across one or
more IP networks.
• An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a
computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.
o A datagram is a basic transfer unit associated with a packet-switched network. Datagrams provide a connectionless communication service across a
packet-switched network.
TCP/IP
• TCP is one of the main protocols in TCP/IP networks. Whereas the IP protocol deals only with packets, TCP
enables two hosts to establish a connection and exchange streams of data.
• It records how data is transmitted from sender to receiver and how network users are located (IP address).
• TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, which
means a connection is established and
maintained until the application programs at
each end have finished exchanging messages.
Transport Layer
Internet Layer
• The application layer passes data to the TCP layer which in turn passes the information onto
the IP layer and finally onto the Ethernet layer. This process is known as encapsulation and is a
precise term for what actually happens.
• The information from the layer above is encapsulated in the next layer until a fully functional
Ethernet frame is formed.
The application of TCP/IP in BMS has a number of positive effects:
Information transfers are standardized as all equipment uses TCP/IP.
This is the most commonly accepted protocol in the world, consequently more and more equipment will
support Internet technology.
High security levels, with respect to both access and network reliability, are relatively simple to
implement by using commercially available solutions.
Controlled by one
same files.
administrative Messages can be sent
authority between users.
Usually high speed A single internet
Always shared
connection can be
shared among many
users.
WAN (Wide Area Network)
Wide area network. Expensive hardware can be
Wan covers a large geographical shared, e.g. Laser printer.
area. Users can access the same files.
Crosses metropolitan, regional, or Messages can be sent between
national boundaries. users.
Uses routers and public A single internet connection can
communications links. E. G. be shared among many users.
Internet. Network software is cheaper
Used to connect LANs and other than buying individual packages.
types of networks together.
Option for wan connectivity
• Leased line
• Circuit switching
• Packet switching
COMPARISON OF LAN & WAN
LAN WAN
Flexible configuration.
Universal inter-networking.
What is IoT?
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical
objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software,
sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these
objects to collect and exchange data.
IoT allows objects to be sensed and controlled
remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating
opportunities for more direct integration between the
physical world and computer-based systems, and resulting
in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit.
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How IoT Works?
Internet of Things is not the result of a single novel
technology; instead, several complementary technical
developments provide capabilities that taken together help
to bridge the gap between the virtual and physical world.
These capabilities include:
Communication and cooperation
Addressability
Identification
Sensing
Actuation
Embedded information processing
Localization
User interfaces
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How IoT Works?
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The Structure of IoT
The IoT can be viewed as a gigantic network
consisting of networks of devices and computers
connected through a series of intermediate technologies where numerous technologies like RFIDs, wireless
connections may act as enablers of this connectivity.
Feeling Things : Sensors act as primary devices to collect data from the environment.
Shrinking Things : Miniaturization and Nanotechnology has provoked the ability of smaller
things to interact and connect within the “things” or “smart devices.”
Thinking Things : Embedded intelligence in devices through sensors has formed the network
connection to the Internet. It can make the “things” realizing the intelligent control.
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IoT as a Network of Networks:
"The Sky's not the limit. It's only the beginning with IoT."
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The Potential of IoT
By the year 2020, there will be a lot more connected devices than people on earth
A Gateway to the future!
PROGRESS INDEX
The sky’s not the limit. It’s only the beginning with IoT!
ECONOMIC ASPECT OF IOT
Youname it, and you will have it inIoT!
CHALLENGES FACED BY IOT
At present IoT is faced with many challenges, like -
Scalability
Security
Technical requirements
Technological standardization
Software complexity
BACnet is a communications protocol for Building Automation and Control (BAC) networks that leverage the ASHRAE, ANSI,
and ISO 16484-5 standard protocol.
BACnet was designed to allow communication of building automation and control systems for applications such as
heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning control (HVAC), lighting control, access control, and fire detection systems and
their associated equipment.
The BACnet protocol provides mechanisms for computerized building automation devices to exchange information,
regardless of the particular building service they perform.
BACnet over Ethernet allowed building automation systems to transfer data via ethernet across a Bus architecture
this worked well initially but with the advent of the internet and the desire to have a single control system across a
network of buildings the need for networks larger then 254 nodes was needed. That is why ASHRAE adopted
BACnet/IP in annex j of the 135- 1995 standard.
BACnet/IP to BACnet/IP • In this situation the location of the two devices is already
known by the host and the message is routed to the device
(same subnet) using a local switch.
BACnet/IP to BACnet/IP • In this situation the location of the two devices is already
known by the host and the message is routed to the device
(different subnet) using switches and routers.