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• The temperature at which a liquid fuel vapour

can ignite is called its flashpoint. The heat

needed for combution to take place depends on

the flashpoint if it is a liquid. Solids need a much

higher temperature to ignite

• Fire-is the process of rapid oxidation of
any material resulting in burning .
Oxidation means that oxygen molecules
interact with different substance in the
environment. Making it unstable and thus
creating a reaction. When burning
happens , heat , light and other reaction
products are released.
A Fire triangle is a model that shows the
three essential components that when
present together can start a fire and
sustain it- fuel , heat and , oxygen
• Fire needs a fuel source combustible
material in order to burn. Fuel comes
in different forms solid ( e , g, wood.
Paper , plastic ), liquids ( e , g,
gasoline, kerosene, acetone), and gas
( e,g. methane , propane acetylene).
Different type of fuell at different
rates.
• this is needed to start and continue the combustion

process. Combustion happens when flammable

vapor mix with air ( oxygen )and is ignited by a

spark or flame. In essence , when the ignition

temperature ( heat ) of the fuel (any materials )is

reached combustion reaction happens.

• This is because the energy stored in that combustible materials ignite

immediately because they instantly give off vapor and readily

reach their ignition or flammable temperature . Other solids may

take time to ignite because of their density such that the flammable

vapors do not get released fast.

• Liquids fuels, on the other hand give off

flammable vapor even in cold temperature,

hence, fire may still be produced even in

temperature below 0.C. Petrol is an example of a

liquid fuel that can be ignited at 43.C below 0

• this constitutes about 21% of the air us. Oxygen reacts

with flammable vapors given off by fuels, and the

reaction releases heat. The magnitude of the fire whether

it is going to be explosive or flammable . Depends on the

ration between the oxygen and fuel

• Generally, there are two causes of fire, natural and man made
the natural causes of the fire are those that result from natural
hazard such as lightning and volcanic activities. Lightning triggers
fire because it comes with it a large amount of energy that can
induce ignition temperature charge in the materials (fuel) that it
comes in contract with. So , when lightning strikes, say on a hut or
grass, the ignition temperature of the hut or grass is suddenly
reached, causing combustion to take place at once .
• The other natural cause of fire is volcanic
eruptions, fire can be generated by the objects
that get burned along the path of lava or by
ejected pyroclastic materials from a volcano.
When these object come in contract with
combustible materials , such as plants, fire can
happen. Similarly , when there is land movement
due to seismic activities, damage power lines or
power circuits may ignite a fire.
• Man made causes of fire are those caused
by human or machine errors. Here are
some example:
• faulty wiring, short circuits, overloaded circuits, and loose
fires, avoid overloading the circuits and overheating
electrical appliances, check electrical cords and replaces
old, worn wirings, and get an electrical engineer or
licensed electrician to check your electrical wirings and
connections, especially if you detect any electrical
malfunction.
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• a lighted candle, an improvised gas lamp, a
cooking stove. And other sources of ignition
which are left unattended may topple and/or
burn nearby flammable objects. Never leave an
open flame unattended and keep combustible
away from it to prevent fire.
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• Cigarettes butts that are not properly put out of the
thrown carelessly can spark a fire . The glowing ember
from a discarded cigarette can come in contact with
flammable material and cause fire .Careless smoking
such as falling asleep sure that a cigarette can also
start to fire .To prevent creating fire ,make sure that
cigarette is fully extinguished before throwing it .If you
see someone carelessly dispose of a cigarette , kindly
call his or her attention to put out the cigarette
properly
• To prevent creating fire ,make
sure that cigarette is fully
extinguished before throwing it .If
you see someone carelessly
dispose of a cigarette , kindly call
his or her attention to put out the
cigarette properly
many hazardous and flammable substances can found
at home pesticides ,lighter fluids ,gasoline ,thinners
,spray paints ,kerosene , dry cleaning agents ,paint
solvents ,and nail polish are flammable liquids that are
chemicals that when mixed with air will give off vapor
that can ignite and burn stored in proper containers.
• Do not store flammable liquids in the same cabinets with

other dangerous substances because they can react

violently . Make sure they are kept away from ignition

source and away from the children

• Are tissue injures caused by heat ,electricity , radiation ,or
chemicals. They can cause pain swelling ,blistering, scanning ,and in
servere cases , even death .Burns can also lead to infections
because the damaged skin can no longer act as a barrier againts
harmful micro organims

• BURNS are also classified as first degree ,second degree ,and

third degree ,depending on how server they penetrate the skin
surface
• A first degree burn affect only the outer layer
of the skin called the epidermis. Because the
damage is slight, the person is still able to
function well with tolerable pain. The area that
is burned is red and dry without any blisters.
There is change in color f the skin to some
extent.
• The depth of burn has reached into the dermis
in this degree. Because of the seventy, this part
of the skin may not function anymore. Blisters
are usually the first sign of second-degree
burns. The fluid beneath the skin spreads until
the epidermis falls away, opening the dermis to
the outside environment.
• Here the epidermis, dermis and even the
underlying fat tissue are damaged. This is
the most serious burn. The muscle and even
the bone may be affected. Aside from the
loss of function of the skin in terms of
protection, and fluid and heat retention,
many nerve cells die such that the victim may
no longer feel anything.
• when there is a fire breakout, two hazard
need to be dealt with fire an smoke. In most cases,
smoke is the primary cause of facilities due to
suffocation . A thick smoke makes escape difficult
not only because it covers the pathway , it also
imitates the eye and disrupt breathing
1. Find an area where smoke has not yet
reached. If there is a lot of smoke, stay low
and crawl on your hands and knees. Smoke
naturally rises or tends to fill the topmost
portion of an enclosed area

2. Do not panic as this will keep you

disoriented and make you lose your
focus
3. Evaluate the area or room by going
to the nearest exit. If you are not
familiar with the building’s layout,
follow the arrows or directions that
lead to the exit

4. While evacuating the room, leave it

closed to prevent the entry of smoke .
Do not lock the door o allow others to
escape in the same route or passage
5. If you can, assist people with special needs,
but do not carry them downstairs . Going down
with a load many impede an immediate escape
. Notify emergency personnel if you know or
suspect someone is still inside the building

6. Do not use the elevators. Use the stairs to get

out of the building

7. Do not attempt to go back inside the building

unit it has been declared safe by the fire
department
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1. Do not attempt to remove the clothing in second
to third degree burns, clothes may stick to the skin
and removing the clothes may aggravate the injury
and expose the skin more to infection . If clean
cotton cloth or gauze is available , use it to
carefully cover the burned areas
1. Do not panic or run

2. Do not stop, drop and roll method. Stop

immediately or stay where you are running will
make the fire worse as the fire will grow with
added oxygen . Drop to the ground and cover
you face with your hands . Then roll over back
and forth until the fire has been put out
2. Do not attempt to treat a third degree burn on
your own. Bring the burn victim to the hospital or
call for medical assistance immediately . While help
is on its way, elevate the burned part above the
level of the victim’s and do not move clothing that
was stuck to the burn .
3. Do not soak or immerse burns in cold water,
apply ice or ice water, or apply any ointment. Do
not put butter or soil directly on the burned area.
Do not break blusters that form over the burn .
Burns are open wounds that require aeration for
faster healing. Cold water may temporarily stop
bleeding and reduce some pain, but it can extend
the damage of the burnt area . These things may
cause more damage to the burned parts.
4. Check vital signs such as breathing and
blood circulation Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR) might be necessary
 The key element to a successful and
effective fire emergency response plan is to
make sure it is accessible to all concerned
people . Training and drills should be
conducted regularly for everyone t be
familiar with the emergency procedures. Here
are some basic guidelines in preparing a fire
emergency plan.
1. The contact number of government agencies such as
the local fire departments should make known.
2. The occupants of the building should know how and
where to report an emergency. The proper authority
will know how to assess the situation and address it.
3. Occupants of the building should be made aware of
emergency routes and exits.
4. All operators should be reminded of safe shutdown
procedures for equipment and facilities to prevent
any damage or additional hazard.
5. All written emergencies plans should always be

updated, maintained, and tried on a regular basis.

6. A building’s emergency evacuation layout plan

should be posted conspicuously to constantly remind

the members of the building of the power

procedure for emergencies