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BY

AFREEN JASANI
AND
PRAVIN KANANI
ABNORMALPSYCOLOGY
It is defined as patterns of
abnormal behavior emotion or thought that
significantly interfere with an individual’s
adaptation to important life demands and
often cause distress in the individual or in
others.
Factors for judging
1. Consider the social context in which
the behavior occurs.

2. The extent to which the behavior


(overdone or underdone).
CLASSIFICATION OF
DISORDERS
 1. TRADITIONAL

 2. CURRENT
Traditional classification of disorders.
1. Brain syndrome: due to damage of brain tissue, it may be
reversible or irreversible.
2. Psychosis: there are severe disorders in which the
Individuals perception of reality is distorted and psychological
functioning is disorganized. For example, delusions (false
belief), hallucinations (schizophrenic and paranoid disorders).
3 neurosis: These are mild disorders in which individual’s
perception of reality is not grossly impaired. They are mainly
due to internal conflicts and anxiety. For example, anxiety
disorders.
4 personality disorders: it is long standing maladaptive
personality patterns. It affects the relationships. For ex
mistrust on others, antisocial behavior, loneliness
Current classification
There are two categories

1. Clinical syndromes

2. Personality disorders.
Clinical syndromes
1. Disorders of infancy and childhood

2.Organic mental disorders

3.Substance use disorders

4.Schizophrenic disorders

5.Affective disorders

6.Psychotic disorders

7.Anxiety disorders

8.Psycosexual disorders
Personality disorders

Paranoid, schizoid, histrionic, antisocial,


borderline, avoidant, dependent behavior,
compulsive behavior, etc.
Features of few disorders
Infantile autism
It is devastating combination of retarded development and peculiar
behavior.
General lack of responsiveness
Defective communication skills and language
Unusual repetitive responses to the environment
Failed normal attachment to their parents
Lack of co operation with other children
Causes
Abnormal physiological arousal
Cerebral lateralization ( left hemisphere deficit)
Unusual cerebral dominance patterns
Heredity.
Schizophrenia (dementia praecox)
It includes several specific psychotic disorders.
Cognitive slippage and derailment
Loosening of association
Delusions/hallucinations
Autistic thought process
Withdrawal from others
Lack of responsiveness
Youthful insanity-affects mostly adolescence or
early adults
Frequent mood disturbances (extreme behaviors)
Mood of affect disorders

In this extreme moods (flatted or down)


are combined with the particular patterns
of maladaptive thinking behavior
Depression (sad feeling or negative thinking)
Adaptive change
Loss of interest in usual activities (including sex)
Loss of energy
Diminished ability to think
Feelings of worthlessness (self approach)
Suicidal thoughts
Inferiority complex
Unsuccessful at work
Causes
Life experience, learning and social factors, especially a loss of significant
reinforces
Cognitive factors (distorted interpretations)
Biochemical or genetic factors
Phobia

An intense, persistent, irrational fear of


something specific is a phobia. For example fear
of enclosed places, high places, blood, darkness,
insects, etc.
Generalized anxiety disorders
Distress and uneasiness are persistent and
spread across multiple situations. It may be
fixed with physical symptoms.
Panic disorders

It is specific focused time


bound attacks of intense
fear, even terror
Obsessive compulsive disorders

Persistent unwanted ideas thoughts


associated with seemingly irrational
behaviors repeatedly carried out in a fixed
repetitive way, for example, washing hands
often, taking more showers a day.
Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy aids designed to reveal the


psychological causes of behavior problems and to
stimulate the development of adaptive new ways of
behaving.
Psychotherapies focus on analyzing underlying
motives conflicts and psychodynamic approaches.
E.g. psychoanalysis by Freud.
The aim of psychotherapy is to bring personality
change.
Goals
1.facilitating behavior change
2. Enhancing coping skills
3.Promote decision-making
4.Improving relationships
5.Facilitating client potential
6.Psychotherapy and counseling
methods are very useful to change
the attitude
Psychotherapies
Biomedical therapies
 electroconvulsive / electroshock therapy
 Psychosurgery
 chemotherapy
Humanistic therapies
 Carl Rogers client – centered therapy (uses self-
actualization)
 Gestalt therapies (humanistic + Existential
therapies)
Enhances self – awareness and feelings of
personal responsibility + paradoxical intention
(Over exercising)
Psychodynamic therapies
all used to uncover unconscious urges and conflicts
and reduce the need for neurotic defenses
 Jungian analytical therapy
 used dream analysis and word association
 Adler’s individual therapy
 emphasis on social and interpersonal factors
 Karen horney’s form of analysis
 emphasis on social factors
Identifying positive and
negative reinforces:
 Positive reinforces: these are events which when
contingent on a certain response increase the
likelihood that the response will be repeated
E.g. Smile or hug.
 Negative reinforces: these are the events that
increase the likelihood of a response when their
termination is contingent on the response.
E.g. Same smile or hug may be negative for some
people.
Behaviors Modification therapies
(BMT)
 It is a set of procedures based on learning theories,
which focus on the interaction between the
individual and the environment for changing and
undesirable behavior.
They use learning principles
Changes observable behavior
Emphasis on assessment of behavior and change of
behavior techniques
Use classical conditioning, operant conditioning
and observational learning principles.
Modeling techniques
principle:
 Cognitive learning (observational learning)
E.g. can be used for phobias.
there are two ways that observational
learning helps people to acquire new behavior.
 Information is provided regarding the steps by
which others are able to perform it.
 It gives evidence for the possibility of that
behavior. it encourages the belief that “ I can do it.”
Operant Conditioning Techniques
Concept – pay off :
 Token economy:

 The problematic behavior that is acquired learning and


conditioning can be eliminated by means of techniques
derived from learning and conditioning principles.
 In token economy the operant conditioning principle is
used.
 Here people “earn” objects (token), which they can
exchange for desirable items, services or privileges.
 These tokens are contingent on appropriate behavior.
 It can be used in institutions, classrooms, workshops and
other settings.
E.g. – for institutionalized schizophrenic patents
for personal care and grooming behaviors.
 Token given for the following criteria.
 Proper use of make up
 Clean fingernails
 Hair combed
 Teeth brushed
 Clothing buttoned, zipped, tucked
 Body clean
 No odor
 Shaven
by using token the can be purchase leisurely
meal times, games, snacks and cosmetic items. This
technique resulted in dramatic improvements in the
patient’s behaviour.
THANK YOU!!

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