ME 3011

Thermodynamics

Dr. Seyed Amirfakhri

W13S2
Chapter 7

ENTROPY
objective
• Apply the second law of thermodynamics to processes.
• Define a new property called entropy to quantify the second-law effects.
• Establish the increase of entropy principle.
• Calculate the entropy changes that take place during processes for pure
substances, incompressible substances, and ideal gases.
• Examine a special class of idealized processes, called isentropic processes, and
develop the property relations for these processes.
• Derive the reversible steady-flow work relations.
• Develop the isentropic efficiencies for various steady-flow devices.
• Introduce and apply the entropy balance to various systems
 ENTROPY
 The second law of thermodynamics often leads to expressions that
involve inequalities.
 The Clausius inequality
• This inequality is valid for all cycles, reversible or irreversible.
 validity of the Clausius inequality
• Applying the energy balance to the combined system
𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑑𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝛿𝑄𝑅 𝛿𝑊𝑐 = 𝛿𝑄𝑅 − 𝑑𝐸𝑐

𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝛿𝑊𝑟𝑒𝑣 + 𝛿𝑊𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 𝛿𝑊𝑐

Considering that 𝛿𝑄𝑅 𝑇𝑅 𝑇𝑅

= → 𝛿𝑄𝑅 = 𝛿𝑄 let the system
the cyclic device is 𝛿𝑄 𝑇 𝑇
a reversible one undergo a cycle 𝑊𝑐 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑠
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟
entropy
 If no irreversibilities occur within the system as well as the reversible cyclic
device

The equality in the Clausius inequality holds for totally or just internally
reversible cycles and the inequality for the irreversible ones.

 There is a quantity whose cyclic integral is zero. what kind of quantities can have
this characteristic?
 Clausius realized that he had discovered a new thermodynamic property, and he
chose to name this property entropy.

• Entropy (S) is an extensive property of a system and sometimes is referred to as total

entropy.
• Entropy per unit mass, designated s, is an intensive property and has the unit kJ/kg·K.
entropy
 The entropy change of a system during a process

 Determination of ∆𝑆
• The relationship between Q and T must be known.
 This relation is often not available, and the integral can be
performed for a few cases only.

2
𝛿𝑄
∆𝑆 = න ( )𝑟𝑒𝑣. → 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
1 𝑇
 For the majority of cases we have to rely on tabulated data for
entropy.

∆𝑆 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 → 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

entropy
 A Special Case when the relationship between Q and T is known :
 Internally Reversible Isothermal Heat Transfer Processes
 Recall that isothermal heat transfer processes are internally reversible

Valid for internally reversible isothermal

heat transfer processes

where T0 is the constant temperature of the system and Q is the heat transfer for the
internally reversible process.

• This equation is particularly useful for determining the entropy changes of thermal
energy reservoirs.
• Notice that the entropy change of a system during an internally reversible isothermal
process can be positive or negative, depending on the direction of heat transfer.
THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE
 Consider a cycle that is made up of two processes: process 1-2,
which is arbitrary (reversible or irreversible), and process 2-1, which
is internally reversible

 The equality holds for an internally reversible process and the

inequality for an irreversible process.

 The entropy change (∆𝑆) of a closed system during an irreversible process is always
𝛿𝑄
greater than the entropy transfer ( ). That is, some entropy is generated or created during
𝑇
an irreversible process due entirely to the presence of irreversibilities
THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE
 The entropy generated during a process is called entropy generation and is
denoted by Sgen is always a positive quantity or zero.
 Hence

 The Sgen is always a positive quantity or zero.

 For an isolated system (or simply an adiabatic closed system)

0
 The entropy of an isolated system during a process always increases or, in the
limiting case of a reversible process, remains constant.
 THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE
 The entropy of an isolated system during a process always increases or, in the
limiting case of a reversible process, remains constant.
 What is an isolated system?
 An isolated system may consist of any number of subsystems

Since no actual process is truly reversible, we can conclude that

some entropy is generated during a process, and therefore the
entropy of the universe, which can be considered to be an isolated
system, is continuously increasing.
THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE
 The increase of entropy principle does not imply that the entropy of a system
cannot decrease.
 The entropy change of a system can be negative during a process, but entropy
generation cannot.

 Summary
Some Remarks about Entropy
 Processes can occur in a certain direction only, not in any direction. A
process must proceed in the direction that complies with the increase of
entropy principle, that is, Sgen ≥ 0. A process that violates this principle is
impossible.

 Entropy is a nonconserved property, and there is no such thing as the

conservation of entropy principle. Entropy is conserved during the idealized
reversible processes only and increases during all actual processes.

 The performance of engineering systems is degraded by the presence of

irreversibilities, and entropy generation is a measure of the magnitudes of the
irreversibilities during that process. It is also used to establish criteria for the
performance of engineering devices.
ENTROPY CHANGE OF PURE SUBSTANCES
 Entropy is a property, and thus the value of entropy of a system is fixed once the
state of the system is fixed.
 The entropy of a pure substance is determined from the tables (like other
properties).
• Compressed liquid

• Sat. Vapor-Sat. liquid

• Entropy change
T-S diagram
 The constant-pressure lines are parallel to the constant-temperature lines in the
saturated liquid–vapor mixture region.
 The constant-pressure lines almost coincide with the saturated liquid line in the
compressed liquid region.

FIGURE 7–11
Schematic of the T-s diagram for water.
ISENTROPIC PROCESSES
 Isentropic process: A process during which the entropy remains constant.
• Internally reversible
• Adiabatic
problem
 For Reservoirs

𝑄𝐻
∆𝑆1 =
𝑇𝐻
∆𝑆 = ∆𝑆1 + ∆𝑆2
𝑄𝐿
∆𝑆2 =
𝑇𝐿
problem
 ∆𝑆 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 1: 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
𝑇1 = 100 ℃
 ∆𝑆 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 2:
𝑇1 = 25 ℃
𝑘𝐽
𝑣2 = 𝑣1 = 1.672 ൗ𝑘𝑔

𝑚3
𝑣𝑓𝑎𝑡 25℃ = 0.001003
𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
𝑣𝑔 𝑎𝑡 25℃ = 43.340
𝑘𝑔
𝑣𝑓 < 𝑣𝑆𝑦𝑠 < 𝑣𝑔

𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 − 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟

𝑣2 = 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑋𝑣𝑓𝑔 → 𝑋 = 0.03856

𝑘𝐽
𝑠2 = 𝑠𝑓 + 𝑋𝑠𝑓𝑔 → 𝑠2 = 0.683 ൗ𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
 𝑘𝐽ൗ
∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑢𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. ∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠 = −33.36 𝐾
∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 ?
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘. ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑘𝐽ൗ
𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 5.44 𝐾
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 =
𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟
𝑘𝐽ൗ
𝐿𝑒𝑡 ′ 𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 ∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 = 38.799 𝐾
𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠
−𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 → 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 11562 𝑘𝐽
Study the following examples of the textbook
 7.1
 7.2
 7.3
 7.4
 7.5