Ov 5

TCP/IP Addressing and Data Delivery
• The TCP/IP Protocol Suite

• IPv4 Addressing
• Default IP Addressing Schemes
• Create Custom IP Addressing Schemes
• IPv6 Addressing
Copyright (c) 2018 CompTIA Properties, LLC. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org 1
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Protocols
Connection-Oriented Protocols Connectionless Protocols

Connections are established before data is No connections established prior to data
sent. transmission.
Data is received in the same order as it was • Data can be delivered out of order.
sent. • Data can be transferred over different
paths.
Three phases:
1. A connection is established, and devices
negotiate parameters. Always in data transfer phase.
2. Data is transferred.
3. The connection is released.
Can function only in bidirectional Information is sent to destination without
communication environments. checking to see if destination is ready to
receive it. Sender might need to retransmit
information multiple times before destination
receives complete message.
TCP is connection-oriented. UDP is connectionless.
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless
Protocols and the OSI Model
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
TCP 4 Transport UDP
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol) A connection-oriented, guaranteed-

delivery protocol used to send data packets between devices over a
network, like the Internet.
• Part of the TCP/IP protocol suite.

• Ensures end-to-end delivery between distinct nodes.
• Creates connection prior to transmission.
• At the source node, breaks data into segments, sends it, and waits for
acknowledgment.
• At the destination node, reassembles segments into original data.
• Resends any data lost in transit.
UDP
(User Datagram Protocol) A connectionless Transport-layer protocol that

is one of the protocols in the Internet protocol suite and is used with IP.
Also called the Universal Datagram Protocol.
• Used with IP.

• Best-effort delivery.
• Faster service than TCP:
• Smaller, simpler header.
• Does not wait for acknowledgement.
• Used for:
• VoIP.
• Real-time video.
• Network management applications.
• Used when performance is more important than ability to receive all data.
IP
(Internet Protocol) A Network-layer protocol that is responsible for

sending data packets across a network.
• Responsible for packet formatting, routing individual datagrams, and the logical
addressing scheme.
• Acts as intermediary between higher protocol layers and the network.
• Carries a TCP or UDP payload.
ICMP
(Internet Control Message Protocol) A protocol used with IP that

attempts to report on the condition of a connection between two hosts.
• Common use is the ping utility for checking connectivity.

• Also traceroute
• Connectionless.
• Works at Layer 3 of the OSI model.
• Messages report on error conditions.
• Source quench requests a slower data transfer rate.
• Routers can send Destination unreachable or Expired in transit message.
• The ping utility uses Echo request and Echo reply messages.
ICMP (Cont.)
Sending Host Receiving Host
Destination
Unreachable
ARP
(Address Resolution Protocol) A communication protocol that resolves IP

addresses to MAC addresses.
• Works at Layer 2 of the OSI model

• Encapsulated by Ethernet header
• Dynamic mapping of IP and MAC addresses
• IP to MAC address resolution
• Routing (local vs. remote network)
Port Mirroring
The practice of duplicating all traffic on one port in a switch to a second

port.
• Local or remote
• Local port mirroring sends all data to the node connected to the second switch port.
• Remote port mirroring sends data to the port on a different device.
• Diagnostic tool
• Enables traffic monitoring without a big performance hit.
Activity: Identifying Protocols on a TCP/IP Network
• At the Greene City Interiors branch office, the network administrator has asked you
to identify the protocols that are in use on the network.
Dotted Decimal Notation
• How IP addresses are usually displayed.

• Four decimal number separated by three dots.
• Octets represent eight binary bits.
• Numbers range from 0 to 255.
Binary IP Address
Dotted Decimal Notation
IP Address Settings
Component Description Example

A dotted decimal number that is unique
IP address 192.168.1.150
to the network.
Subnet mask A dotted decimal number that identifies

the host and network portions of the IP 255.255.255.0
address.
The dotted decimal number that
corresponds to the network device that
Default gateway 192.168.1.1
connects the hosts on the current
network to another network.
Binary and Decimal Conversion
Raw number 4,842

Expand (show powers of 10) 4x103+8x102+4x101+2x100
equals
4x1000+8x100+4x10+2x1
equals
4000+800+40+2
equals
Resolved number 4,842
Raw number 1001011101010
1x212+0x211+0x210+1x29+0x28+1x27+1x26+1x25+0x24+1x23+0x22+1x21+0x20
Expand (show powers of 2) equals
1x4096+0x2048+0x1024+1x512+0x256+1x128+1x64+1x32+0x16+1x8+0x4+1x2+0x1
equals
4096+0+0+512+0+128+64+32+0+8+0+2+0
equals
Resolved number 4,842
IP Addresses
A unique binary address assigned to a device so that it can communicate

with other devices on a TCP/IP network.
• 32 bits long
• Expressed in dotted decimal notation
• Network address and host address
• Apply a subnet mask to identify network and host addresses
• All IP addresses on a network must be unique
192.168.1.150
192.168.1.10 192.168.1.1
192.168.1.100
Subnet Masks
A number assigned to each host for dividing the IP address into network
and host portions.
Network portion Host portion
IP address 150.215.17.9 10010110.11010111.00010001.00001001
Subnet mask 255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Network address 150.215.0.0 10010110.11010111.00000000.00000000

Network portion Subnet mask ignores
the host portion
Subnets
Subnetting: The process of logically dividing a network into smaller

subnetworks.
Subnet: A logical subset of a larger network created by an administrator
to improve network performance or to provide security.
• Each subnet has a unique network address.

• IP addresses are divided into three levels:
• Network ID
• Subnet ID
• Host ID
Subnets (Cont.)
Subnet A Subnet B
Benefits of Subnetting
Benefit Description
If more IP addresses than hosts on a network,
IP addresses go to waste. Subnetting reduces IP
Conserve IP addresses addresses available for a subnetwork, making
the unused addresses available for other
subnetworks.
Administrator divides the network into groups
Improve network performance of devices that frequently interact with each
other.
Administrator divides the network based on
Provide a more secure network environment severs that host restricted applications or
sensitive data.
Activity: Identifying TCP/IP Addressing Information
• You are logged in as GCInteriors\Student##. Your password is P@ssw0rd12.

• At the Greene City Interiors branch office, you need to identify the IPv4 and MAC
addresses of some devices to create a subnet.
• You also need to identify the names of a few devices so that you can join them to the
domain on your network.
• You need to reassign the devices to a different subnet on your organization's
network, and you want to gather information such as the subnet mask and default
gateway.
• You need to check this TCP/IP information on each computer.
IP Address Assignment Rules
139.80.100.30
139.80.100.10 255.255.0.0
255.255.0.0
139.90.50.20
255.255.0.0
139.80.100.20
255.255.0.0
Activity: Converting Binary and Decimal Numbers
• At the Greene City Interiors branch office, the network administrator wants to make
sure you understand how to convert binary numbers into decimal numbers.
• The administrator reminds you that binary is a base 2 numbering system and gives
you some numbers to convert.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
IP Address Classes
Address Address Range Address Format Maximum

Class (dotted decimal) (binary) No. of Hosts
1.0.0.0 to 0########.########.########.########
Class A 16 million
126.255.255.255 NetworkID.HostID
128.0.0.0 to 10#######.########.########.########
Class B 64,000
191.255.255.255 NetworkID .HostID
192.0.0.0 to 110#####.########.#########.########
Class C 254
223.255.255.255 NetworkID .HostID
224.0.0.0 to 1110####.########.#########.########
Class D Not applicable
239.255.255.255 Multicast address
240.0.0.0 to 1111####.########.#########.########
Class E Not applicable
255.255.255.255 Experimental address space
Default Subnet Masks
Default Subnet Mask Value of the First Octet of IP Address
255.0.0.0 (Class A) 1 to 127, with some being reserved
255.255.0.0 (Class B) 128 to 191
255.255.255.0 (Class C) 192 to 223
Available Host and Network Addresses
• Network and host addresses can’t be all 1s or all 0s.

• Reserved IP addresses.
• Calculating the number of available host addresses:
• 2n-2
• n is the number of host bits.
• Calculating the number of available network addresses:
• 2a
• a is the number of network bits.
Private IP Addresses
An address used for a node that needs IP connectivity only within the
enterprise network, but not external connections to the Internet.
• Reserved as private IP addresses:

• Class A: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
• Class B: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
• Class C: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
• Not routable—not forwarded outside the network.
• Used freely on internal networks:
• Without contacting an Internet registry or the ICANN.
• Not injected into the global Internet routing system.
• Different organizations can use the same addresses.
• Partially solves the IP address shortage issue.
• Any IP addresses that are not private IP address ranges are considered public
addresses (globally routable unicast IP addresses).
Default Gateways
An IP address assigned to a router that forwards remote traffic from its

local subnet to remote networks.
• Often equivalent to the IP address connected to the Internet.

• Required for all communication other than that restricted to the local network.
For these hosts, the default gateway is

192.168.1.1.
192.168.1.15
209.18.47.205
192.168.1.12
192.168.1.1
Activity: Identifying Default IP Addressing Schemes
• At the Greene City Interiors branch office, you now need to verify the subnet mask
and gateway of a few devices and verify that they are on the correct subnet and are
configured properly.
• You need to check this TCP/IP information on each device.
Custom Subnets
A collection of IP addresses that are divided into smaller groups to serve a

network's needs.
• Custom subnet applied to an IP address.

• Host sees only a subset of the entire network as local.
• Default gateway configured for each subnet to route traffic between them.
203.175.10.0 Network address
255.255.255.192 Custom subnet mask
Custom subnets result from applying a custom mask.
Custom Subnet Masks
A number that is applied to an IP address to divide a single block of

addresses into multiple subnets. Sometimes referred to as variable
length subnet masks (VLSMs).
Original subnet mask 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 255.255.255.0 /24
Custom subnet mask 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 255.255.255.192 /26
Custom Subnet Masks (Cont.)
Last Octet of New No. of Added Hosts per

New Mask (decimal)
Mask (binary) Networks Network
10000000 255.255.255.128 2 126
11000000 255.255.255.192 4 62
11100000 255.255.255.224 8 30
11110000 255.255.255.240 16 14
11111000 255.255.255.248 32 6
11111100 255.255.255.252 64 2
11111110 255.255.255.254 Not used in Class C Not used in Class C
11111111 255.255.255.255 Not used in Class C Not used in Class C
Classless Inter-Domain Routing
An IP addressing scheme that treats its custom subnet mask like a 32-bit
binary word. Also referred to as supernetting.
Network address
192.168.12.0
Networks with 255.255.255.0 192.168.12.0
default subnet 192.168.12.0/23
masks 192.168.13.0 255.255.254.0
255.255.255.0 Combined to form one Indicates how
network with a custom mask many 1s in the
custom mask
• VLSM lengthens the mask to create multiple subnets out of a single

network.
• CIDR shortens the mask to aggregate smaller networks into a larger
network for routing purposes on the Internet.
Custom Subnetting Process
Dividing line Dividing line
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
Network Host Network Host
Subnetwork
192.168.1.0/25
“subnet zero”
Two subnetworks
One network with
with 128 host
256 host addresses
addresses each
Network
192.168.1.0/24
Subnetwork
192.168.128.0/25
“subnet 128”
Custom Subnetting Process (Cont.)
Dividing line Dividing line
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
Network Host Network Host
Subnetwork
192.168.1.0/26
Subnetwork “subnet zero”
192.168.1.0/25
“subnet zero” Subnetwork
Two subnetworks Four subnetworks
192.168.64.0/26
with 128 host with 64 host
addresses each addresses each “subnet 64”
Subnetwork
192.168.128.0/26
Subnetwork “subnet 128”
192.168.128.0/25
“subnet 128”
Subnetwork
192.168.192.0/26
“subnet 192”
Activity: Creating Custom IP Addressing Schemes
• At the Greene City Interiors branch office, you have been asked to implement TCP/IP
on a divided network.
• Your network ID is currently 192.168.1.0/24.
• You need to divide this in half (two subnets).
IPv4 Address Space Limitations
• A theoretical maximum of approximately 4,295 billion separate addresses.

• The division of the address space into fixed classes:
• Node addresses falling either between classes or between subnets are unavailable for
assignment.
• IP address classes provide a small number of node addresses.
• Depletion of Class A and Class B IP address assignments.
• Unassigned and unused address ranges within existing Class A and Class B blocks.
IPv6
An addressing scheme that uses a 128-bit binary address space.
• 340 trillion, trillion, trillion addresses.

• New features:
• Simplified address headers.
• Hierarchical addressing.
• Support for time-sensitive network traffic.
• Required security.
• New structure for unicast addressing.
• Benefits include:
• Smaller IP headers.
• Stateless auto-reconfiguration of hosts.
• New IP header field enables IP to guarantee allocation of network resources.
• Implements Network-layer encryption and authentication with IPSec.
Transmission Types
Transmission
Description Examples
Type
• Similar to IPv4 unicast address. • Link local: FE80::/64
Unicast
• One address identifies one interface. • Unspecified address: ::
• Packet sent to a multicast address is
delivered to all interfaces in the group.
Multicast • Targeted message goes only to FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
members of the multicast group.
• Replaces IPv4 broadcast addressing.
• Data goes from a server to the nearest
host in an anycast group.
• Host imitates another anycast and
sends data to the next nearest host,
Anycast 2001:1::1/128
until all hosts in the anycast group have
the data.
• Hosts that are not part of the anycast
group ignore the transmission.
Unicast Address Types
Type Description
• Globally routable public addresses.
• Also known as aggregatable global unicast addresses.
Global addresses
• Designed so that they can be summarized for efficient routing.
• Equivalent to the entire IPv4 public address space.
• Used for internal networks that are not routable on the Internet.
• The equivalent of IPv4 private, nonroutable address blocks.
Site-local addresses • Begin with FEC0::/10.
• Replaced with “unique local addresses” in the block fc00::/7.
• fd00::/8 is set aside for use in internal networks.
• Used to communicate within a network segment or broadcast
domain.
Link-local addresses • Automatically assigned on private network segments with no router.
• Usually begin with FE80, but can range up to FCFF.
• The equivalent of self-assigned IPv4 APIPA addresses.
• Used on mixed networks to support routing of IPv6 data across IPv4
IPv6 transitional networks.
addresses
• Will be phased out when all routers convert to IPv6.
IPv6 Addresses
A 128-bit hexadecimal number assigned to a device on a TCP/IP network.
• An IPv6 address is usually separated into eight groups of four hexadecimal digits.
Each quartet of four hexadecimal digits equals 16 bits.
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
• You can omit any leading zeros from the address notation.
2001:db8:85a3:0:0:8a2e:370:7334
• You can compress contiguous sets of 0 blocks by using the double colon notation ::
2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:370:7334
IPv6 Addresses (Cont.)
• CIDR notation used for each part of the address.
Subnet
Site Prefix ID Interface ID
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334/64
IPv6 Prefixes
The leftmost bits of an IPv6 address that are used for routing IPv6
packets.
• Equivalent to IPv4 network addresses.

• CIDR notation signifies prefix length.
Subnet
Site Prefix ID Interface ID
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334/64
• Reserved prefixes
• 2001:db8::/32 for documentation.
• 2002::/16 for 6to4 routing.
• fe80::/10 for link-local addresses.
• ff00::/8 for multicast addresses.
IPv6 Tunneling
A data transport technique in which a data packet is transferred inside

the frame or packet of another protocol, enabling the infrastructure of
one network to be used to travel to another network.
• Envelops data packet in a form acceptable to the carrier.

• IPv6 packets can traverse IPv4 networks like the Internet.
• Microsoft DirectAccess is an example of IPv6 tunneling.
• “Always On” VPN established between the client and the destination network.
• Client encapsulates IPv6 into IPv4 packets via Teredo or Miredo tunneling.
• Destination network removes IPv4 wrapper.
• 6to4 enables IPv6 packet transmission without configuring explicit tunnels.
• Relay servers enable 6to4 networks to communicate with IPv6 networks.
• 4to6 enables IPv4 packets to travel on IPv6 networks.
EUI-64
• Extended Unique Identifier

• MAC address is padded in the center with FFFE to extend it to 64 bits in length.
• While not a requirement, most vendors are adopting this format.
MAC address of
an interface 01-00-11-22-33-44
EUI-64 interface ID 0100:11FF:FE22:3344
Padding to 64 bits long
Router Solicitation and Advertising
• RA messages (ICMP Type 134) are sent to the all-nodes multicast address ff02::1.
• RS messages (ICMP Type 133) are sent to all routers on the link (ff02::2).
RS
RA
Neighbor Discovery
The IPv6 process that determines the link-layer address of a neighbor on

the same network (local link), verifies the reachability of a neighbor, and
tracks neighboring devices.
• Determining link-layer addresses of neighbors on the local link:

1. Host sends neighbor solicitation message (ICMP Type 135) to the local link.
2. Target replies with neighbor advertisement message (ICMP Type 136).
3. On receipt of the neighbor advertisement message, the host and target can communicate.
• Reachability verified by sending unicast messages to neighboring hosts.
• If a host’s link-layer address changes, it will send a neighbor advertisement message
to the all-nodes multicast address.
Neighbor Discovery (Cont.)
Local link
Host A ICMPv6 packet:
ICMPv6 packet:
Type: 135
Type: 136
SrcAddy: A
SrcAddy: B
DstAddy: B’s solicited-
DstAddy: A
node multicast
Data: B’s link-layer
Data: A’s link-layer
address
address
Host B
Neighbor Solicitation Neighbor Advertisement

Message 1 2
Message
Host C
Remote network
Protocol Binding
The assignment of a protocol to a NIC.
• Creates the path for data flow.

• Can bind multiple protocols to a NIC.
• Features:
• Dual-stack: side-by-side implementation of IPv4 and IPv6 alleviates the need for tunneling.
• Sequential test of available protocols until response received.
• Linux ifconfig command shows all protocols being used and editing /etc/sysctl.conf
disables IPv6.
• Windows enables you to set bind order.
Protocol Binding (Cont.)
Network interface
Protocols bound to the

network interface
IPv4 and IPv6 Differences
Parameter Description
Address length IPv4 addresses use 32 bits, whereas IPv6 addresses use 128 bits.
Header information IPv6 headers are simpler, but expandable if you need to include
structure options.
Loopback address On an IPv4 network, it is 127.0.0.1, and on an IPv6 host, it is ::1.
Default route address
The IPv4 default route address is 0.0.0.0/0, and the IPv6 default
(anything unknown is sent
route address is ::/0.
to the default gateway)
Activity: Examining IPv6 Addressing
• At the Greene City Interiors branch office, you have been asked to discover if IPv6 is
enabled on network devices.
• You need to check this IPv6 information on each device.
Reflective Questions
1. Where would you expect to use custom subnet masks?
2. What measures have you taken to prepare for implementing IPv6?

Ov 5

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Ov 5

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

TCP/IP Addressing and Data Delivery

• The TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Connection-Oriented Protocols Connectionless Protocols

TCP 4 Transport UDP

(Transmission Control Protocol) A connection-oriented, guaranteed-

• Part of the TCP/IP protocol suite.

(User Datagram Protocol) A connectionless Transport-layer protocol that

• Used with IP.

(Internet Protocol) A Network-layer protocol that is responsible for

(Internet Control Message Protocol) A protocol used with IP that

• Common use is the ping utility for checking connectivity.

Sending Host Receiving Host

(Address Resolution Protocol) A communication protocol that resolves IP

• Works at Layer 2 of the OSI model

The practice of duplicating all traffic on one port in a switch to a second

• How IP addresses are usually displayed.

Dotted Decimal Notation

Component Description Example

Subnet mask A dotted decimal number that identifies

Raw number 4,842

A unique binary address assigned to a device so that it can communicate

Network portion Host portion

IP address 150.215.17.9 10010110.11010111.00010001.00001001

Subnet mask 255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

Network address 150.215.0.0 10010110.11010111.00000000.00000000

Subnetting: The process of logically dividing a network into smaller

• Each subnet has a unique network address.

• You are logged in as GCInteriors\Student##. Your password is P@ssw0rd12.

Address Address Range Address Format Maximum

Default Subnet Mask Value of the First Octet of IP Address

255.0.0.0 (Class A) 1 to 127, with some being reserved

255.255.0.0 (Class B) 128 to 191

255.255.255.0 (Class C) 192 to 223

• Network and host addresses can’t be all 1s or all 0s.

• Reserved as private IP addresses:

An IP address assigned to a router that forwards remote traffic from its

• Often equivalent to the IP address connected to the Internet.

For these hosts, the default gateway is

A collection of IP addresses that are divided into smaller groups to serve a

• Custom subnet applied to an IP address.

203.175.10.0 Network address

255.255.255.192 Custom subnet mask

Custom subnets result from applying a custom mask.

A number that is applied to an IP address to divide a single block of

Original subnet mask 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 255.255.255.0 /24

Custom subnet mask 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 255.255.255.192 /26

Last Octet of New No. of Added Hosts per

11111110 255.255.255.254 Not used in Class C Not used in Class C

11111111 255.255.255.255 Not used in Class C Not used in Class C

• VLSM lengthens the mask to create multiple subnets out of a single

Dividing line Dividing line

Dividing line Dividing line

• A theoretical maximum of approximately 4,295 billion separate addresses.

An addressing scheme that uses a 128-bit binary address space.

• 340 trillion, trillion, trillion addresses.

A 128-bit hexadecimal number assigned to a device on a TCP/IP network.

• CIDR notation used for each part of the address.

• Equivalent to IPv4 network addresses.

A data transport technique in which a data packet is transferred inside

• Envelops data packet in a form acceptable to the carrier.

• Extended Unique Identifier

EUI-64 interface ID 0100:11FF:FE22:3344

Padding to 64 bits long