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Polymer
Group 2
What is a polymer?
A long molecule made up
from lots of small molecules
called monomers.
A Polymer consists of a large
chain of repeating molecules
(monomers) that are
attached in an end to end
fashion
Polymers make up many of the materials in living
organisms, including, for example, proteins, cellulose,
and nucleic acids.
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POLYMERIZATION :
The forming of a compound by the joining together
of molecules of small molecular weights into a
compound of large molecular weight.
Monomer + Monomer + Monomer + Monomer
Mcr - Mcr - Mcr – Mcr
Polymers have had an enormous impact on
dentistry
used as sealants, bonding materials, restorative
materials, Veneering materials,
denture bases, denture teeth, and impression
materials.
Synthetic and Biological Polymers 4
polymers
Man-made or synthetic
polymers
is an industrially produced
chemical substance consisting
of monomers linked together
by covalent bonds. Most
things humans use on a daily
basis are synthetic
polymers (Ex: money, super
glue, plastics, etc.)
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Biological polymer
- natural polymers are proteins
and nucleic acid that occur in
human body,
cellulose, natural rubber, silk,
and wool. Starch is a natural
polymer that is made up of
hundreds of glucose
molecules,
similarly natural rubber is
a polymer obtained from the
latex of a rubber tree.
natural rubber
Polymers in Starch
Biology
DNA
Sugar Proteins
NATURAL POLYMERS 9
TYPES OF POLYMERIZATIONN
Addition Polymerization 14
POLYMERIZATION
Monomers
Nylon is a synthetic
polymer used in textile and
fabric industries. Nylon 6
and nylon 6,6 is a type of
nylon. They have compact
molecular structure with
excellent abrasion
resistance. The monomers
are joined by hydrogen
bonding.
PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) is a synthetic polymer 21
with various applications. It is of high molecular weight and
made up of mainly carbon and fluorine. It is used in cook-
wares such as non-stick pans.
Polyvinyl chloride or PVC is formed after
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polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer. It is most
commonly used in pipes, bottles, cards etc.
Polyethylene terephthalate or PET is a thermoplastic 23
polymer used in containers, clothing, liquids and food.
The common word used for PET is terylene.
Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer used in 24
packaging, textiles, reusable containers etc. Monomer
propylene polymerizes to form polypropylene.
Polystyrene is formed by the polymerization of styrene 25
monomers. It is used for protective packing, bottles, lids,
disposable cutlery etc.
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Making Polymers
To make plastic, the recently formed or
extracted monomers must undergo several
physical and chemical transformations,
allowing them to become the building blocks
of plastic making: polymers.
These macromolecules, with various
chemical properties allowing the creation of
distinctly different types of resins, are also
submitted to different treatments depending
on the desired final product. Let us take a
look at the origins of plastic.
How are polymers made? 27
POLYMERS
Low Density.
Low coefficient of friction.
Good corrosion resistance.
Good mould ability.
Excellent surface finish can be obtained.
Can be produced with close dimensional tolerances.
Economical.
Poor tensile strength.
Low mechanical properties.
Poor temperature resistance.
Can be produced transparent or in different colours.
35
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
The physical properties of a polymer, such as its strength
and flexibility depend on:
Chain length - in general, the longer the chains the
stronger the polymer;
Side groups - polar side groups give stronger attraction
between polymer chains, making the polymer stronger;
Branching - straight, un branched chains can pack
together more closely than highly branched chains, giving
polymers that are more crystalline and therefore stronger;
Cross-linking - if polymer chains are linked together
extensively by covalent bonds, the polymer is harder and
more difficult to melt.
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Linear Polymers:
A polymer in which the molecules form long
chains without branches or cross-linked
structures.
examples: nylon, polyester, PVC etc.
Branched Polymer:
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Cross-links are bonds that link one polymer chain to another. They can
be covalent bonds or ionic bonds.
Examples: malamine formaldehyde resin etc
Ultra-high-molecular-weight
polyethylene (UHMWPE)
Joint
Replacement
Helmet
Gears
Rubber Tree
Sap:
Sticky
Viscous
Gooey
Goodyear
Experiment
Luck
Profit ($0)
Chain Length: 4,000 – 8,000
Ester
DISADVANTAGES OF 44
POLYMERS
Low density
Non bio-degradable
Easily breakable
Flame retardancy is low
When polymers incorporated with additives are
burnt they emit a lot of poisonous gases into the
atmosphere
Low molecular weight polymers (Polyethylene
bags) are difficult to recycle
Improper disposal leads to environmental
pollution
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ADVANTAGES OF POLYMERS
Low density
Low absolute strength Stiffness
Ultra durable
Resistance to corrosion
Thermal electrical insulator
Flexible
Cheaper
Recyclable
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USES OF POLYMERS
BIO POLYMER USES
NON BIO POLYMER USES
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