Mr. Prakash is a Personal assistant of the General Manager of Federal Express.

It was August 4, 2014 & Mr. Prakash attended the office at 9:45 a.m. and
he went directly to the Production Department to get the production records
to place them before the meeting scheduled to be held at10:30 a.m. on the
same day at the General Manager’s Chamber. He could complete his
business in the production department by 10:20 a.m. & returned to the
General Manager’s Chamber.
The General Manager came to his office at 10:00 a.m. He wanted to have a
discussion with Mr. Prakash regarding the arrangements for the day’s
meeting. He was thinking that Mr. Prakash has not yet come to the office.
The General Manager was very angry with Mr. Prakash & scolded him for
being late to office & he immediately went to the meeting without giving
any scope to Mr. Prakash to answer.
 0

Perception:
Perception is the process of receiving
information about & making sense of the
world around us. It tells us which
information to notice, how to categorize
the information & how to interpret it
within the framework of our existing
knowledge.
Perception begins when our senses
receive the stimuli. Many of the
stimuli we ignore concentrating on
very few. This process of attending to
some information received by our
senses & ignoring other information
is called selective attention.
Selective attention is influenced by
characteristics of the person or object
being perceived, particularly size,
intensity, motion, repetition, and
familiarity & novelty.
• Characteristics of the perceiver are also important in
selective attention, much of it without perceiver’s
awareness. When information is received through the
senses, our brain quickly & unconsciously assesses
whether it is relevant or irrelevant to us & then
attaches emotional markers to that information. The
emotional markers help us to store the information in
memory; they also reproduce the same emotions
when we are subsequently thinking about this
information.
• Selective attention is also
influenced by our assumptions &
conscious anticipation of future
events.
It is time to elect the world leader, and your vote counts.
Here are the facts about the three leading candidates:
Which of these candidates would be your choice?
• Candidate A associates with crooked politicians, and
consults with astrologists. He's had two mistresses. He
also chain smokes and drinks 8 to 10 martinis a day.
• Candidate B was kicked out of office twice, sleeps until
noon, used opium in college and drinks a quart of
whisky every evening.
• Candidate C is a decorated war hero. He's a vegetarian,
doesn't smoke, drinks an occasional beer and hasn't had
any extramarital affairs.
• Candidate A is Franklin D. Roosevelt
Candidate B is Winston Churchill
Candidate C is Adolph Hitler
• Selective attention is also influenced
by our existing knowledge & the
moral & ethical values we believe
in. What we learnt in past also
makes difference to the way we
perceive information.
• “which bind them to get her as
a social entity”.
• “which bind them to get her as
a social entity”.
• “which bind them together as
a social entity”.
Stereotyping
• Stereotyping is the process of assigning traits to
people on the basis of their membership to a
particular social group.
• People indulge in stereotyping as it is easy to
remember features of a stereotype.
• Secondly we have an innate need to understand &
anticipate how others will behave.
• Stereotypes though are not
completely fictional, they do not
describe every person accurately in a
social category.
• Another problem with stereotyping is
that it lays the foundation for
discriminatory attitudes & behavior.
Attribution Theory:
• The Attribution Process involves deciding
whether an observed behavior or event is
caused mainly by the person (internal factors)
or by the environment (external factors).
• Behaviour of others can be examined on the
basis of its:
• Distinctiveness: the degree to which a person behaves
similarly in different situations. (Low Distinctiveness)
• Consistency: the degree to which a person engages in
the same behaviour at different times.(High
Consistency)
• Consensus: the degree to which other people engage
themselves in the same behaviour. (High Consensus)
• Internal Attirbution (Behaviour Attributed
to Internal Factors):
» High Consistency
» Low Distinctiveness
» Low Consensus
 .

• External Attribution (Behaviour Attributed

to External Factors):
» Low Consistence
» High Distinctiveness
» High Consensus
• Attribution Errors:
• Fundamental Attribution Error
• Self Serving Bias