Chemical Bonds Lecture

CHEMICAL BONDS
Questions to Consider
• What is meant by the term “chemical bond”?
• Why do atoms bond with each other to form
compounds?
• How do atoms bond with each other to form
compounds?
http://www2.bakersfieldcollege.edu/dkimball/Chemistry%20B2A/WEBPPTWithoutLectureQu2
izes/chapter12%20Chemical%20Bonding.ppt.
Chemical Bonds
• Three basic types of bonds
– Ionic
• Electrostatic attraction
between ions.
– Covalent
• Sharing of electrons.
– Metallic
• Metal atoms bonded to
several other atoms.
CONCEPTS
Bond: Force that holds groups of two or more atoms together and
makes the atoms function as a unit.
Example: H-O-H
Bond Energy: Energy required to break a bond.
Ionic Bond: Attractions between oppositely charged ions.
Example: Na+ Cl-
http://web.clark.edu/aaliabadi/139_chap10.ppt.
CONCEPTS
Ionic Compound: A compound resulting from a positive ion
(usually a metal) combining with a negative ion (usually a
non-metal).
Example: M+ + X-  MX
Covalent Bond: Electrons are shared by nuclei.
Example: H-H
Polar Covalent Bond: Unequal sharing of electrons by nuclei.
Example: H-F
Hydrogen fluoride is an example of a molecule that has bond
polarity.
Lewis structures
Lewis Structure: Representation of a molecule that shows how
the valence electrons are arranged among the atoms in the
molecule.
Bonding involves the valence electrons of atoms.

Example: Na● H-H
Lewis structures of elements
• Dots around elemental symbol
– Symbolize valence electrons
• Thus, one must know valence electron configuration
Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so as to have 8 electrons
C would like to Gain 4 electrons

N would like to
O would like to Gain 3 electrons
http://education.jlab.org/jsat/powerpoint/chembond.ppt.
Gain 2 electrons
Concept Check
Draw a Lewis structure for each of the
following molecules:
f
BF3
CO2
CCl4
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http://www2.bakersfieldcollege.edu/dkimball/Chemistry%20B2A/WEBPPTWithoutLectureQu
Lewis Structures of molecules
Single Bond: Two atoms sharing one electron pair.
Example: H2
Double Bond: Two atoms sharing two pairs of electrons.

Example: O2
Triple Bond: Two atoms sharing three pairs of electrons.

Example: N2
Resonance Structures: More than one Lewis Structure can be

drawn for a molecule.
Example: O3
IONIC BOND
bond formed between
two ions by the
transfer of electrons
Ionic Bonding
 Ionic compounds result when metals react with
nonmetals
 Electrons are transferred.
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Formation of Ions from Metals
 Metals lose electrons to match the number of valence

electrons of their nearest noble gas
 Positive ions form when the number of electrons are
less than the number of protons
Group 1 metals  ion 1+
Group 2 metals  ion 2+
• Group 13 metals  ion 3+
Formation of Sodium Ion
Sodium atom Sodium ion
Na  – e  Na +
2-8-1 2-8 ( = Ne)
11 p+ 11 p+
11 e- 10 e-
0 1+
Formation of Magnesium Ion
Magnesium atom Magnesium ion

Mg  – 2e  Mg2+
2-8-2 2-8 (=Ne)
12 p+ 12 p+
12 e- 10 e-
0 2+
Some Typical Ions with Positive
Charges (Cations)
Group 1 Group 2 Group 13
H+ Mg2+ Al3+
Li+ Ca2+
Na+ Sr2+
K+ Ba2+
Learning Check
A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum

1) 1 e- 2) 2 e- 3) 3 e-
B. Change in electrons for octet

1) lose 3e- 2) gain 3 e- 3) gain 5 e-
C. Ionic charge of aluminum

1) 3- 2) 5- 3) 3+
Solution
A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum

3) 3 e-
B. Change in electrons for octet

1) lose 3e-
C. Ionic charge of aluminum

3) 3+
Ions from Nonmetal Ions
In ionic compounds, nonmetals in 15, 16, and 17
gain electrons from metals
Nonmetal add electrons to achieve the octet

arrangement
Nonmetal ionic charge:

3-, 2-, or 1-
OCTET states that every atom wants
to have eight valence electrons in
its outermost electron shell.
Fluoride Ion
unpaired electron octet
  1-
:F + e : F:
 
2-7 2-8 (= Ne)
9 p+ 9 p+
9 e- 10 e-
0 1-
ionic charge
Ionic Bond
• Between atoms of metals and nonmetals with
very different electronegativity
• Bond formed by transfer of electrons
• Produce charged ions all states. Conductors
and have high melting point.
• Examples; NaCl, CaCl2, K2O
Ionic bond – electron from Na is transferred to Cl, this
causes a charge imbalance in each atom. The Na
becomes (Na+) and the Cl becomes (Cl-), charged
particles or ions.
COVALENT BOND
bond formed by the
sharing of electrons
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
• The ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared
electrons to itself.
• For a molecule HX, the relative electronegativities of
the H and X atoms are determined by comparing the
measured H–X bond energy with the “expected” H–X
bond energy.
28
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
• On the periodic table, electronegativity generally

increases across a period and decreases down a
group.
• The range of electronegativity values is from 4.0 for
fluorine (the most electronegative) to 0.7 for cesium
and francium (the least electronegative).
29
Electronegativity Values for Selected
Elements

30
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For instance;
If the atoms are equally electronegative, both have

the same tendency to attract the bonding pair of
electrons, and so it will be found on average half
way between the two atoms. To get a bond like
this, A and B would usually have to be the same
atom. You will find this sort of bond in, for example,
H2 or Cl2molecules.
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/electroneg.html
For instance;
What happens if B is slightly more

electronegative than A?
This is described as a polar bond. A polar bond is a covalent bond in which there is a
separation of charge between one end and the other - in other words in which one
end is slightly positive and the other slightly negative.
The hydrogen-chlorine bond in HCl or the

hydrogen-oxygen bonds in water are typical.
For instance;
What happens if B is a lot more
electronegative than A?
In this case, the electron pair is dragged right over to B's end of the bond. To all
intents and purposes, A has lost control of its electron, and B has complete control
over both electrons. Ions have been formed.
Ionic bond is formed!!!
Summary
No electronegativity difference between two atoms leads

to a pure non-polar covalent bond.
A small electronegativity difference leads to a polar
covalent bond.
A large electronegativity difference leads to an ionic bond.
Covalent Bond
• Between nonmetallic elements of similar
electronegativity.
• Formed by sharing electron pairs
• Stable non-ionizing particles, they are not
conductors at any state
• Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O, SiC
NONPOLAR
COVALENT BONDS
when electrons are
shared equally
H2 or Cl2
Nonpolar Covalent
Bonding
• A covalent bond results when
electrons are shared by nuclei.

38
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2. Covalent bonds- Two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons.
Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom
http://education.jlab.org/jsat/powerpoint/che
mbond.ppt.
Oxygen Molecule (O2)
POLAR COVALENT
BONDS
when electrons are
shared but shared
unequally
H 2O
- water is a polar molecule because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, and
therefore electrons are pulled closer to oxygen.
Polar Covalent Bond
• Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms in a
molecule.
• One atom attracts the electrons more than the other
atom.
• Results in a charge separation in the bond (partial positive
and partial negative charge).

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SUMMARY
• The polarity of a bond depends on the difference
between the electronegativity values of the atoms
forming the bond.

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• Group 1 metals always form 1+ cations.
• Group 2 metals always form 2+ cations.
• Aluminum in Group 3 always forms a 3+ cation.
• Group 7 nonmetals form 1– anions.
• Group 6 elements always form 2– anions.
The Formation of Ions by Metals and
Nonmetals

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Predicting Formulas of Ionic
Compounds
• Chemical compounds are always electrically neutral.

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METALLIC BOND
bond found in
metals; holds metal
atoms together
very strongly
Metallic Bond
• Formed between atoms of metallic elements
• Electron cloud around atoms
• Good conductors at all states, lustrous, very
high melting points
• Examples; Na, Fe, Al, Au, Co
Ionic Bond, A Sea of Electrons
Metals Form Alloys
Metals do not combine with metals. They form

Alloys which is a solution of a metal in a metal.
Examples are steel, brass, bronze and pewter.
It is the sharing of a sea of delocalized electrons amongst a
lattice of positive ions, where the electrons act as a "glue" giving
the substance a definite structure.

Chemical Bonds Lecture

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CHEMICAL BONDS

Bond Energy: Energy required to break a bond.

Ionic Bond: Attractions between oppositely charged ions.

Example: Na+ Cl-

Bonding involves the valence electrons of atoms.

C would like to Gain 4 electrons

Double Bond: Two atoms sharing two pairs of electrons.

Triple Bond: Two atoms sharing three pairs of electrons.

Resonance Structures: More than one Lewis Structure can be

Copyright © Cengage Learning.

 Metals lose electrons to match the number of valence

2-8-1 2-8 ( = Ne)

2-8-2 2-8 (=Ne)

A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum

B. Change in electrons for octet

C. Ionic charge of aluminum

A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum

B. Change in electrons for octet

C. Ionic charge of aluminum

Nonmetal add electrons to achieve the octet

Nonmetal ionic charge:

2-7 2-8 (= Ne)

• On the periodic table, electronegativity generally

Copyright © Cengage Learning.

If the atoms are equally electronegative, both have

What happens if B is slightly more

The hydrogen-chlorine bond in HCl or the

No electronegativity difference between two atoms leads

Copyright © Cengage Learning.

Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom

Copyright © Cengage Learning.

Copyright © Cengage Learning.

Copyright © Cengage Learning.

Copyright © Cengage Learning.

Metals do not combine with metals. They form

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