ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN
BODY MOVEMENT
CHAPTER 1 : THE HUMAN BODY
 AN OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY
Study of the body structure and their relationships.

Topics Of Anatomy:

Gross /Macro Anatomy

Study of macroscopic structures : large body structures visible to naked eye

Surface Anatomy
Study of body’s surface structures

Regional Anatomy
Study of structures within a region

Systemic Anatomy
Study of structures within a system
Micro Anatomy
Study of microscopic structures : with the aid of a microscope

Cellular Anatomy or Cytology

Study of the body cells

Histology
Study of tissues

Developmental Anatomy
Study of structural changes from conception through old age
PHYSIOLOGY
Study of body function

Topics Of Physiology:

Systems Physiology
Study of body system’s function (cardiac physiology,
neurophysiology, etc)

Comparative Physiology
Study of physiology of humans in relation to that of other
animals

Medical Physiology
Study of physiological dysfunctions and body disease
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
Chemical level
Interaction between atoms into molecules

Cellular level
Basic living units; have common characteristics, differ in structure and function

Tissue level
A group of cells of similar structure and function: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Organ level
Two or more tissue types together perform one or more common function: eye, skin, stomach,
heart, etc.

Organ System level
A group of organs of a common function: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous,
endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, & reproductive

Organismal level
11 organ system make up the living body or organism, the human being
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
SKELETAL SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
URINARY SYSTEM
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
System Major Organs General Function
Integumentary Skin Protection of underlying structures from
damage and from loss of body fluid

Muscular Muscles Movement of the body

Skeletal Bones Support and protection of softer body part

Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves Control homeostasis by stimulating

muscles to contract and glands to secrete

Cardiovascular Heart, arteries, veins Transportation of materials to and from

body cells
Endocrine Pituitary gland, thyroid Control homeostasis by releasing
gland, adrenal gland, hormones that alter body processes
pancreas, gonads

Lymphatic Spleen, thymus, tonsils, Removal of dead cells and foreign bodies
lymphatic vessels from body fluid

Respiratory Larynx, trachea, lungs Exchange of gases between bloodstream

and external environment

Digestive Esophagus, stomach, small Break apart food into small particles for
intestine, liver, pancreas, their absorption into the bloodstream
large intestine

Urinary Kidneys, ureters, urinary Maintain homeostasis by controlling

bladder, urethra water and salt balance in the bloodstream
and by removing metabolic waste
materials

Reproductive Testes, urethra, penis; Provide for production of new individuals

ovaries, uterus, vagina
MAINTAINING LIFE

• Life Functions : To sustain life, organism must

able to maintain its boundaries, move, respond
to stimuli, digest nutrients and excrete wastes,
carry on metabolism, reproduce itself, and
growth.

• Survival needs include food, oxygen, water,

appropriate temperature, and normal
atmospheric pressure. Extremes (excesses or
deficits) of these factors can be harmful.
HOMEOSTASIS
Ability to maintain relative
stable (balance) internal
condition even though
the external environment
changes

Necessary for survival and

good health; its loss
results illness or
diseases.
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Control mechanisms have 3 elements: a receptor that responds to

environment changes; a control center that assesses those changes
and produces a responds by activating a third element, the effector.

• Negative feedback mechanisms

A mechanism that restore the body to a normal state
Shut off or reduce the intensity of the original stimulus
eg: body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate,
blood levels of glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and minerals.

• Positive feedback mechanisms

Mechanism that promote a condition farther from normal levels of
function
Increase the original stimulus (disturbance).
eg: Blood clotting and labor contractions.

Most homeostatic control systems in the body are negative feedback

systems, which act to reduce or stop the initial stimulus.
 Homeostatic Imbalance

As we age, our body organs become less efficient, and our body internal
conditions become less and less stable. These events place us at an increasing
risk for illness or disease.
REGULATION IN BODY
 THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

ANATOMICAL POSITION

Body standing erect and facing

forward, the feet are together, and
the arms are hanging at the sides with
the palms facing forward
 REGIONAL TERMS

• Anterior Body Landmarks: orbital, thoracic,

abdominal, pubic, femoral, tarsal, etc.

• Posterior Body Landmarks: scapular,

vertebral, gluteal, popliteal, calcaneal, etc.

• Inferior Body Surface: The plantar region, the

sole of the foot.
Directional Terms

Superior (cranial) - above, toward the head

Inferior (caudal) - below, toward the leg
Anterior (ventral) - front of the body
Posterior (dorsal) - back of the body

Medial - toward the midline

Lateral - away from the midline

Proximal - toward the attachment end of a limb

Distal - away from the attachment end of a limb

Superficial - toward the body surface

Deep - away from the body surface

Plantar - sole of the feet

Dorsal - upper part of the feet (surface)

Palmar - palm
 BODY REGION
Body Region

Axial Appendicular

Head Upper Extremities

Neck Lower Extremities
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvic
BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
Body Planes and Sections

1. Sagittal plane
Divides the body into right and left parts

 Median (midsagittal) plane

Divides the body

2. Frontal (coronal) plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior
parts

3. Transverse (horizontal) plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior
parts
BODY CAVITIES
BODY CAVITIES
 BODY CAVITIES

Dorsal Cavity Ventral Cavity

Cranial Cavity Spinal Cavity Thoracic Cavity Abdominalpelvic

Cavity

Pericardial Pleural Cavity Abdominal Pelvic Cavity

Cavity Cavity
MAIN BODY CAVITIES AND THEIR
ORGAN CONTENTS
Cavity Contents
Dorsal (posterior) Cranial cavity and spinal cavity
Cranial Brain
Spinal Spinal cord

Ventral (anterior) Thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic Mediastinum (heart, great vessels, esophagus, trachea),
Abdominopelvic lungs, pericardial and pleural cavities
Abdominal Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
Pelvic Stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney,
gallbladder, peritoneal cavity
Urinary bladder, rectum, internal portions of
reproductive system, peritoneal cavity
 ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS AND
QUADRANTS
• Quadrants: 1 transverse and 1 median sagittal plane pas
through the umbilicus at right angles
• Quadrants:
 Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
 Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
 Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
 Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

• Nine regions delineated by 4 planes.

• Anterior view of the abdominopelvic cavity showing the

superficial organs.
REGIONS AND QUADRANTS
OTHER BODY CAVITIES

• Oral & digestive cavities

• Nasal cavity
• Orbital cavities
• Middle ear cavities
• Synovial cavities
ORAL CAVITIES
NASAL CAVITIES
ORBITAL CAVITIES
MIDDLE EAR CAVITIES
SYNOVIAL CAVITIES