Functions of Skeletal System

Skeletal System
Anatomy

By:A.SUJATHA
 Functions of the Skeletal System
1. Movement: Skeletal Muscle attached to bones!!
system provides points of
attachment for muscles.
Your legs and arms move
when the muscles pull on
the bones.

2. Support: The backbone

is the main support
center for the upper
body. It holds your head
up and protects your
spinal cord.
 5 Functions of the Skeletal
System
3. Protection: The bones of
your skull protect your
brain. Your ribs protect
your lungs and heart
from injury.

4. Makes Blood: Red and

white blood cells are
formed by tissue called
marrow, which is in the
center of the bone.
 5 Functions of the Skeletal
System
► 5. Storage: Bones
store minerals, such
as calcium and
phosphorus, for use
by the body
 Divisions of the Skeleton
► Axial skeleton
-Blue bones
 Skull
 Sternum
 Ribs
 Vertebral column

► Appendicular Skeleton
-Pink bones
 Upper Extremities
 Lower Extremities
 Shoulder Girdle
 Pelvic Girdle

http://www.ck12.org/ck12/images?id=292905
 Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Figure 5.3

Slide
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5.10b
 Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
 Lacuna(e)
 Cavities containing
osteocytes
 Arranged in
concentric rings
 Lamella(e)
 Rings of compact
bone
 Lacunae lie between
rings Figure 5.3

Slide
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5.11a
 Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

 Osteon (Haversian System)

 A subunit of compact bone
 Central (Haversian) canal
 Opening in the center of an osteon
 Carries blood vessels and nerves

Slide
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5.10a
 Bone Structure
► Typical Four Layers:
 Periosteum: Covers
Bones
 Compact Bone: Lies
beneath the
periosteum
 Spongy Bone: Lies
beneath the compact
bone
 Bone Marrow: Fills the
gaps between the
spongy bone Figure 5.4a

Slide
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5.14a
 Compact Bone
is the hard exterior that is composed of repeating osteons

http://www.technion.ac.il/~mdcourse/274203/slides/Skeletal%20Tissues/14-Compact%20bone%20-%20Osteons.jpg
 Spongy Bone
Spongy bone does not have osteons, but has trabeculae
which are basically little beams in the bone. Also spongy bone
cotains red marrow which gives nutrients to the cells in the
bone

http://www.cytochemistry.net/microanatomy/bone/spbone.jpg
 Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone

 Diaphysis
 Shaft
 Made of compact bone
 Epiphysis
 Expanded ends of long
bones
 Covered with dense bone
 Internal structure is spongy
bone
Figure 5.2a

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 Structures of a Long Bone

 Periosteum
 Outside covering of
the diaphysis
 Fibrous connective
tissue membrane
 Arteries
 Supply bone cells
with nutrients

Figure 5.2c

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 Structures of a Long Bone

 Medullary cavity
 Cavity in shaft
 Contains yellow
marrow in adults
 Contains red marrow
in infants

Figure 5.2a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.8b
 Structures of a Long Bone

 Medullary cavity
 Cavity in shaft
 Contains yellow
marrow in adults
 Contains red marrow
in infants

Figure 5.2a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.8b
 Types of Bone Cells
 Osteocytes
 Mature bone cells (bone maintenance)
 Osteoblasts
 Bone-forming cells
 Osteoclasts
 Bone-destroying cells
 Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.15
Parietal Bone Cranium Bones Parietal Bone

Frontal Bone

Temporal
Occipital Bone
Bone
 Maxilla and Mandible

Maxilla

Mandible
 Clavicle or Collarbone
► The clavicle, or collar
bone, holds the
shoulder joint away
from the rest of the
upper body and is only
as thick as your little
finger.
 Scapula
► The scapula is located
on the back side of the
ribcage and helps
provide part of the
shoulder joint and
movement for the
arms.
 Vertebral Column or Spinal Cord
1) The cervical region (neck
bones)

2) The thorasic region (what the

ribs attach to)

3) The lumbar region (the lower

part of the back)
Coccyx and Sacrum
Humerus (Upper Arm Bone)
 Radius and Ulna
► Radius on Top

► Ulna on Bottom
Carpals or (Wrist Bones)
Metacarpals (Top of Hands)
Phalanges (Little Fingers)
Rib Cage
Sternum (Breastbone)
Pelvis (Dancing Bone)
 Femur
(Largest Bone in the Body)
The Tibia and Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Calcaneous
 Skeletal System Review
My Videos\wholebodyskeleton.mov
 Joints of the Body
► Ball and Socket
Joint: Round end of
bone fitting snuggly
within another bone.
 Ex. Shoulder and Hip
 Joints of the Body
► Hinge Joint:
Movement at joint in
one direction like a
door.
 Ex. Knee and Elbow
 Joints of the Body
► Pivot Joint: Bone
resting atop another
bone permitting free
movement.
 Ex. Neck, Wrist and
Ankles
 Joints of the Body
► Fixed Immovable:
Joint does not move
 Ex. Skull

► Gliding Joint: Bones

slipping over other
bones with a free
flowing movement.
 Ex. Knuckles
 The Connectors of the Body
► Ligaments:Connect
bone to bone
 The Connectors of the Body!!
► Tendon: Attaches muscles to bones
 The Connectors of the Body
► Cartilage:
It acts as a cushion between
bones at a joint and protects the bones.
 Problems of the Skeletal System
► Fracture: Break ► Dislocation: Out of
joint
 Problems of the Skeletal System
► Sprain: Swelling in ► Arthritis: Inflamed
the joint and stiff joints
Problems of the Skeletal System!!
► Scoliosis:Curvature ► Osteoporosis: Brittle
of the spine bones
 Bone Fractures
 A break in a bone
 Types of bone fractures
 Closed (simple) fracture –does not penetrate
the skin
 Open (compound) fracture – broken bone
penetrates through the skin
 Bone fractures are treated by reduction
and immobilization

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 Common Types of Fractures
Fig. 6B

Table 5.2

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 Repair of Bone Fractures
 Hematoma (blood clot) is formed
 Break is splinted by fibrocartilage
forms a callus (chondroblasts, other
cells, and vessels)
 Callus is replaced by a bone
(osteoblasts)
 Bony callus is remodeled (osteoclasts)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.18