CHAPTER 2:

THE HISTORY OF
TOURISM
Early stage
■ Tourism is derived from the Hebrew word “torah”
which means studying, learning, searching
■ Early Tourism has 2 forms: travel for business such as
trading and religious travel.
■ Phoenicians toured the Meditteranean as traders
■ Travel for religious took the form of pilgrimages to
places of worship such as Chauser’s tale of
pilgrimage to Canterbury.
Tourism in the medieval period
■ In medieval period, travel declined
■ Travel derived from the word travail
■ After the decline of Roman empire in the 5th
century, roads were not maintained and
become unsafe
■ Crusaders and pilgrims were the only ones
who traveled.
Tourism During the renaissance
and Elizabethan eras
■ A few reowned universities developed so that
travel for education was introduced largely by the
british
■ Under Elizabeth I, young men seeking positions in
court were encouraged to travel to the continent to
widen their education
■ The term “spa” is derived from the Walloon word
“espa” meaning fountain.
Tourism during the industrial
revolution
■ Industrial Revolution brought the major changes
in the scale and type of tourism development
■ Recreational activities
■ This increase in productivity, regular employment,
and growing urbanization
Modern tourism
Tourism in 19th century
■ Introduction of railway and development of steam power
■ The used of steam power provided the increased mobility
needed by the tourism business.
■ Travel organizer emerged
■ The first and most famous of these was Thomas Cook. His
first excursion train trip was between Leiscester and
Loughborough in 1841 with 570 passenger
■ In 1874, he introduced “circular notes’ which were
accepted by banks, hotels, shops and restaurants. These
were the first travelers’ checks.
TOURISM
IN 20 CENTURY
TH
WORLD WAR I
 WORLD WAR II
BOEING 707
AIRCRAFT
TECHNOLOGY IN
WORLD WAR II
PRIVATE CAR OWNERSHIP
POST WAR RECOVERY
YEARS
-There wa an increase in
private car ownership
-Affecetd the rail and coach
services
-It freed people from
schedules and fix routes of
public transportation
-Encouraged the excursions
and short-stay holidays
ORIGIN OF TOURISM IN THE
PHILIPPINES
-It began when the original inhabitanats searching for foods.
- Became more recognizable when Ferdinand Magellan
discovered the Country and when Galleons or Wooden
boats sailed between Mexico and the Philippines during
galleon trade
ORIGIN OF TOURISM IN THE
PHILIPPINES
ORIGIN OF TOURISM IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• There were only few tourist attractions in the
Philippines
• In 1947 a more orderly tourism activity started
• In 1952, the first tourism association in the Philippines
was Organized
• 1950’s, more hotels and restaurants and entertainment
facilities were established
ORIGIN OF TOURISM IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• During 1960’s and 1970’s
• 1972, After the declaration of Martial Law when Tourism in
the Philippines prospered
• Tourism in the Philippines today is the result of the
continuous development of tourism from 1950 to the
present.
The National Tourism Organization (NTO)
of the Philippines or Department of
Tourism has started on several plans and
programs to ensure the pleasant and
hospitable entry, stay and departure of
tourists as well as to assure a harmonious,
positive and constructive development of
tourism industry, Among these are:
1. Increase visitors arrivals especially from nearby markets like
Japan, Korea, Hong Kong and Taiwan and high spending markets
like Germany
2. Increase tourism receipts through longer stays and higher
spending per day which can be accomplished by more attractive
destinations, tour and etc.
3. Expand domestic tourism through more promotions, cheaper tour
packages and new facilities especially for the lower income
segments.
4. Expand the capacity for tourism by promoting more private sector
investments.
5. Improve the standards of service through the
expansion of training programs for the professionalization
of the tourism management and labor force.
6. Program major tourism infrastructure projects.
7. Engage in major tourism estate and resort
development.
8. Classify facilities in tourist sites according to
international standards.
9. Enforce strictly for the tour facility standards.
10. Promote self-regulation within the different sectors of the

tourism industry.

11. Complete the national tourism plan and a destination

tourism plan.

12. Encourage costumer advertising in selected markets.

13. Work closely with the private sector in product development.

14. Develop and strengthen linkages with the local

governments, the private sector and the general public through

tourism councils.
 International Travel Patterns

Major travel flows occur between the United

States and western Europe. Secondary regional
patterns exist between South America, the
Caribbean, Africa, the Near East and the Far
East. Travel to Africa is usually one way,
originating in Europe.
The heaviest flow of air traffic into Europe
is between New York and London. Within
Europe, the major flows are between
London and Paris, London and Frankfurt,
Milan and Rome.
The top 10 countries generating international travel in rank
order are:
United States, West Germany, United Kingdom, Canada,
Japan, France, the Netherlands, Mexico, Switzerland, and
Australia.

Europe generates about one-half of overseas

travellers to the U.S Travel between European
countries – Intracontinental travel – has been
very popular. This is one of the reasons for
Europe’s large share of the worldwide travel
market.
 Factors that Favor Growth of Tourism

Some of the positive factors that hastened the

growth of tourism are:

1. Rising disposable income for large sections

of the population.
2. Growth in the number of retired persons
who have the desire and the energy to
travel.
3. Increase in discretionary time – shorter work
weeks and longer vacation.
4. Greater mobility of the population.
5. Growth in the number of “SINGLE.”
6. Greater credit availability through credit
cards and bank loans.
7. Higher educational levels
8. The growth of cities
9. Simplification of travel through the
package tour.
10. Growth of multinational business.
10. Growth of multinational business.
11. Modern transportation technology.
12. Shift in Values.
13. Advances in Communication
14. Smaller families and changing roles
 CHAPTER 3

THE PSYCHOLOGY
OF TRAVEL
MOTIVATION
FOR
TRAVEL
MOTIVATION FOR TRAVEL
• Escape
• Relaxation
• Relief of Tension
• Sunlust
• Physical
• Health
• Family togetherness
MOTIVATION FOR TRAVEL
• Interpersonal relations
• Roots or ethnic
• Maintain Social contacts
• Convince oneself of ones
achievements
• Show one’s importance to others
• Status and prestige
MOTIVATION FOR TRAVEL
• Self discovery
• Cultural
• Education
• Professional/business
• Wanderlust
• Interest in foreign areas
• Interest in scenery
 BASIC TRAVEL MOTIVATORS CAN BE
DIVIDED INTO FOUR CLASSES:

1. Physical Motivators
Include those related to physical rest, sports
participation, beach recreation, relaxing entertainment
and other motivations directly connected with health
 BASIC TRAVEL MOTIVATORS CAN BE
DIVIDED INTO FOUR CLASSES:

2. Cultural Motivators
Include the desire to know about
other countries
 BASIC TRAVEL MOTIVATORS CAN BE
DIVIDED INTO FOUR CLASSES:

3. Interpersonal Motivators
Pertain to the desire to meet other
people, visit friends or relatives, escape from
routine, from family and neighbors.
 BASIC TRAVEL MOTIVATORS CAN BE
DIVIDED INTO FOUR CLASSES:

4. Status and Prestige Motivators

Concern ego needs and personal
development
 TRAVEL AS MEANS TO SATISFY
A NEED AND WANT

Key in understanding Tourist

Motivation is to view vacation
travel as a vehicle to satisfy ones
need and wants.
RELATIONSHIP OF NEEDS AND WANTS
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF
NEEDS
 MASLOW'S THEORY OF MOTIVATION
AND TRAVEL MOTIVATIONS
Maslow proposed thefollowing hierarchy of needs as
determinants of behavior:
1. Physiological Needs -hunger, thirst, rest, activity.
2. Safety Needs - safety and security, freedom from fear
andanxiety.
3. Social Needs -love, affection, giving, and receiving.
4. Self-Esteem-self-respect, and esteem from others.
5. Self-Actualization -personal self-fulfillment.
• To this original list, two intellectual needs were
added:

• To Know and to Understand

• Aesthetics
• Passive vacationers - are relieved from tension by
submitting to the surrounding environment.

• Active vacationer - achieves tension reduction

through physical activity.
 The Need for
Escape or Change
The greatest reason for travel
can be summed up in one
word, “escape”.
 TRAVEL FOR HEALTH

Development in the field of medicine

have influenced travel for centuries,
giving rise to the concept of health
tourism.
 SPORTS
Interest in sports, either as a participant or
a spectator is attracting large segments of the
population. People demand activity and
excitement during their leisure hours to
relieve them from the boredom of their work.
 SOCIAL CONTACT
Much travel grows out of the social
nature of people. Human beings are
social animals. They need contact and
communication with others.
 STATUS AND PRESTIGE

Travel provides the means for ego

or self-enhancement.
TRAVEL FOR
EDUCATION
• It offers an opportunity to satisfy the urge to learn.
• Once an interest has been developed in a destination area, the
urge to see that area emerges and the interest grows as
knowledge increases.

ADVERTISING - Generates interest in a destination but much

more pursuasive is the interest :

* Book
* Movie
* Television Program
PERSONAL VALUES
PERSONAL VALUES
• An important travel motivater.
• Many people are urged to travel to satisfy personal
values such as:

* The search for spiritual experience

* Patriotism
* Wholesomeness
CULTURAL EXPERIENCES
CULTURAL EXPERIENCES
•Cross - Cultural Exchanges

- Experiencing how other people live and

fostering international understanding are some
of the reasons to satisfy curiosity about other's
cultures, lifestyle, and places.
 SHOPPING AND BARGAIN
HUNTING
SHOPPING AND BARGAIN HUNTING
•The joys derived from buying certain goods
may be major reason for travel.
•Almost everybody wants to buy and to
bargain.
PROFESSIONAL AND
Pp
BUSINESS MOTIVES
•A great number of people travel for
professional and business motives.
•Conference and conventions about education,
commerce, and industry increase annually.
 THE LEARNING
PROCESS OF THE
TOURIST
An individual will buy a vacation package if he has
learned that the purchase will satisfy an important
need. This process is shown in figure 2.
 A destination will be included as an alternative if
the destination has previously satisfied the traveler

If the level of expectations is higher than the actual

experience, the tourist will be dissatisfied. For the
traveler to be satisfied with a product, service or
situation, the level of actual experience must be
equal to or greater than the level of expectation
 EFFECT OF CONSISTENCY AND
COMPLEXITY ON LEISURE TRAVEL

 Edward and Lance Jervis in The Psychology of

Leisure Travel, believed that individuals differ in the
amount of psychological tension they can handle. Too
much repetition or consistency results boredom and a
corresponding amount of psychological tension
greater than he could handle. Similarly, too much
complexity may result in more tension than a person
can endure.
 CLASSIFICATION OF TRAVELLERS
BASED ON PERSONALITY

Stanley C. Plog, a biological researcher,

classified travelers based on their different
personalities;
 Psychocentrics
 Allocentrics
 Midcentric.
 PSYCHOCENTRICS
or people centered on self, are
inhibited and unadventurous
 ALLOCENTRICS
Allocentrics or people having
interest and attention on other
persons, are highly curious and
thrive on stimulation and change
 MIDCENTRIC
Persons with Midcentric
personality are not particularly
adventurous, yet they are not
afraid to try new experiences as
long as these are neither
too odd nor too challenging.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
TRAVALERS BASED ON
PURPOSE OF TRAVEL

ALLPPT.com _ Free PowerPoint Templates, Diagrams and Charts

BUSINESS TRAVELERS
Majority of travelers in most developed countries such as the United

States, Canada, and the United Kingdom are the business travelers.

They are divided into three categories namely:

1. Regular business travelers

2. Business travelers attending meetings, conventions, and

congresses

3. Incentive travelers
REGULAR BUSINESS TRAVELERS
Among business travelers, the cost of the trip is shouldere

d by a company. Hence, travel is not influenced by person

al income. The volume and rate of growth of business trav

el is not greatly affected by the cost of travel. This means t

hat business travelers will continue even if the price of

travel services increases.

These surveys show that there are major differences be
tween male
and female business travelers. Some of these are:

• Women business travelers are slightly younger.

• They tend to stay longer at their destinations.
• They are more apt to be unmarried than males.
• They are more likely to attend a meeting or convention.
• They are more likely to book through a travel agent.
• They have a greater preference for downtown accommod
ation facilities closer to work.
• They are more concerned with security aspects of accom
modation facilities.
Business Travelers Attending
Meetings, Conventions, Congresses
Travel Pulse surveys indicate that 20 per cent of all bu
siness travel trips are for the purpose of attending mee
tings, convention congresses. A congress, convention
or conference is a regular formalized meeting of

associations or body or a meeting sponsored by an as

sociation or body on a regular or ad hoc basis.
Conventions are classified into four kinds
namely:

• International

• Continental

• National

• Regional conventions.
Incentive Travelers
Incentive travel is a special type of business travel. It is

travel given by firms to employees as a reward for some

accomplishment or to encourage employees to achieve
more than what is required. Incentive trips have risen

sharply according to the Society of Incentive Travel

Executives (SITE).
The most popular overseas destinations are:

Mexico, Spain, the Caribbean, Bermuda, and Europe.

Within the United States:

Hawaii, Florida. Nevada, California, New Orleans.

Corporations usually have the following objectives in buying incentive
travel trips:

1. Increase overall sales volumes

2. Sell new accounts

3. Improve morale and good will

4. Introduce new products

5. Offset competitive promotions

6. Bolster slow seasons

7. Help in sales training

8. Sell slow items

9. Obtain more store displays and support consumer promotions.

Pleasure/Personal Travelers
This group consists of people traveling for vacation or pleasure They
are also called non-business travelers.

Pleasure/personal travelers are classified into the following

categories:

1. Resort travelers

2. Family pleasure travelers

3. The elderly

4. Singles and couples

Resort Travelers

Surveys have shown that resort travelers are better e

ducated, have higher house- hold incomes and are

more likely to have professional and managerial posi

tions.
Family Pleasure Travelers

The family pleasure travelers can be divided into three

namely:

• Junior Families

• Mid-range Families

• Mature Families.
Family pleasure travel trips are motivated by three objectives:

• The first objective is to use travel as an educational experience for

their children.

• The second objective is to do something different.

• The third objective is to use travel to bring the family closer

together
The Elderly

Persons in the "50 plus" age bracket are called

"active affluents" or people with the money and the

desire to travel extensively.

Singles and Couples
Another important segment of pleasure travel consists of

singles and couples.

A resort chain that targets the singles and couples is the

Club Mediterranee.
 TRAVEL
CONSTRAINTS
The main constraints
to travel are:
1. Lack of money
Lack of money is the major
travel constraint. No money
means less travel.
2. Lack of time
Lack of available time is another
inhibiting factor to tourist travel.
A combination of time and mone
y must be present for travel and
tourism to take place
3. Lack of Safety and Security
Lack of security in public places,
hotels, and travel centers cause
people to remain in the security
of their neighborhood and home
4. Physical Disability
Physical disability in the form of bad
health or physical handicap may keep
people at home. The elderly who are
more susceptible to illness such as
heart trouble, hypertension, arthritis
travel less.
5. Family Commitments
Parents with young children find it inconv-
enient and expensive to travel or go

on a holiday.
Family commitment, at any kind,
whether it be young children, taking
care of a sick family member, or looking
after older people really affects travel.
6. Lack of interest in travel
This is mainly due to a preference to
simply stay at home. The condition
may be due to a variety of factors
such as dislike of travel, shyness of
meeting other people, dislike of
changing routine and many more.
7. Fears

Some people do not want to travel

because of fears of travel. Fear of flying,

fear of the unknown, some people fear
that they wouldn't understand the lang
uage, and also the fear of unfamiliar de
cisions that they will make in a strange
place.
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING!!
DIRECTIONS: Write the correct answers on the space provided.

I. IDENTIFICATION

1. _______ Is travelling from one continent to another

2. Experiencing how other people live and fostering international understanding.
3. The search for knowledge and truth is inherent in every individual.
4. Personality of a traveler that are inhibited and unadventuresome.
5. Personality of a traveler that are highly curious and thrive on stimulation and change.
6. Vacationer who relieved from tension by submitting to the surrounding environment.
7. Vacationer who achieves tension reduction through physical activity.
8. Name the jet that were introduced in 1958.
9. What was the first tourism association in the Philippines?
10.A travel motivator that pertain to the desire to meet other people, visit friends or relatives, escape
from routine, from family and neighbors.
11. They believed that individuals differ in the amount of psychological tension they can handle.
12. It is a special type of business travel. It is travel given by firms to employees as a reward for some
accomplishment or to encourage employees to achieve more than what is required.
13. Travelers who are better educated, have higher house- hold incomes and are more likely to have
professional and managerial positions.
14. Persons in the "50 plus" age bracket are called ______ or people with the money and the desire to travel
extensively.
15. A travel motivator that includes the desire to know about other countries.

II. ENUMERATION
1-4 the four basic travel motivators
5-8 give at least 4 factors that favor the growth of tourism
10-15 give the 7 travel constraints